Climate Change Fueling Conflicts and Banditry in Northen Kenya: Can Blue Economy Concept be a remedy?
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Keywords
Résumé
Climate change is creating unparalleled global challenges, disrupting ecosystems, threatening livelihoods, and intensifying existing vulnerabilities. In Northern Kenya, a region dominated by arid and semi-arid landscapes, rising conflicts and banditry have been linked to dwindling resources driven by climate-related pressures. The ongoing longstanding tensions between herders and landowners have led to increasingly organized and violent attacks, heightening intercommunal tensions. This study examined the nexus between climate change and the surge in conflicts and banditry in Northern Kenya, emphasizing the need for innovative and sustainable solutions. Data for this review was obtained from Google Scholar, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, JSTOR, Semantic Scholar, Research Gate, Academia, Scopus and Crossref references and citation-enhanced indexing databases. Thematic analysis of publications between 2004 and 2024 was conducted to assess how climate change is exacerbating ongoing conflicts banditry in Northen Kenya. The findings indicated a link between the rise in persistent banditry in Northern Kenya and the severity of climate-related factors such as prolonged droughts, extreme heat, livestock diseases, and food shortages. This worsening situation is compounded by historical marginalization, ethnic tensions, weak law enforcement, and the spread of illegal firearms from nearby regions. This escalation is further intensified by experiences of marginalization, ethnic rivalries, inadequate policing and influx of illicit arms from neighboring countries. As a potential remedy, the Blue Economy concept is a holistic approach emphasizes the sustainable utilization of aquatic resources, offering opportunities for economic diversification, employment generation and ecosystem preservation. Implementation of this concept involves adopting sustainable water management practices, including rainwater harvesting and watershed management, which can be leveraged for aquaculture. This shift can decrease reliance on livestock and small-scale rainfed agriculture, thereby reducing vulnerabilities. The National and local governments as well as donors should invest in infrastructure development, such as cold storage facilities, transportation networks and processing plants, to support the growth of Blue Economy activities. In addition, provide training programs and educational initiatives to equip local communities with the skills needed for sustainable resource management within the Blue Economy framework.
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Dami, C. D. (2021). Impacts of terrorism, banditry and kidnapping on human security in Nigeria. Saudi Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 6(8), 299-305. https://www.saudijournals.com/media/articles/SJHSS_68_299-305.pdf
Dan, M. E., Olaka, L. A., Mamo, M. B., Chalo, D. M., & Cuni-Sanchez, A. (2021). Desert landscape services: Insights from pastoralist communities in northern Kenya. Ecosystem Services, 48, 101243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoser.2021.101243
Danish Refugee Council (2022). Drought-Affected Populations In Northern Kenya. https://pro.drc.ngo/media/p2ap4yxl/drc-kenya-drought-needs-assessment-oct-22.pdf
de Leeuw, J., Osano, P., Said, M., Ayantunde, A., Dube, S., Neely, C., ... & Ericksen, P. (2019). The pastoral farming system: Balancing between tradition and transition. Farming Systems and Food Security in Africa, 318-353. https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315658841-10/pastoral-farming-system-jan-de-leeuw-philip-osano-mohammed-said-augustine-ayantunde-sikhalazo-dube-constance-neely-anton-vrieling-philip-thornton-polly-ericksen
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Ember, C. R., Abate Adem, T., Skoggard, I., & Jones, E. C. (2012). Livestock raiding and rainfall variability in northwestern Kenya. Civil Wars, 14(2), 159-181. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13698249.2012.679497
Fratkin, E. (2001). East African pastoralism in transition: Maasai, Boran, and Rendille cases. African studies review, 44(3), 1-25. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/african-studies-review/article/abs/east-african-pastoralism-in-transition-maasai-boran-and-rendille-cases/6890909E32B9300713E5045FF4A65535
Froese, R., & Schilling, J. (2019). The nexus of climate change, land use, and conflicts. Current climate change reports, 5, 24-35. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40641-019-00122-1
Gakuria, A. R. (2013). Natural resource-based conflict among pastoralist communities in Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi). https://erepository.uonbi.ac.ke/handle/11295/58420
Galaty, J. (2016). Boundary-making and pastoral conflict along the Kenyan–Ethiopian Borderlands. African Studies Review, 59(1), 97-122. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/african-studies-review/article/abs/boundarymaking-and-pastoral-conflict-along-the-kenyanethiopian-borderlands/AEA3CBCADC4D6571CB38353EEF768A03
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Apr 4, 2025
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Chirchir , E. (2025). Climate Change Fueling Conflicts and Banditry in Northen Kenya: Can Blue Economy Concept be a remedy?. Journal of Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems, 3(1), 31–44. https://doi.org/10.69897/jatems.v3i1.199
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Elizabeth Chirchir , School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Bomet university College, P.O Box 701-20400, Bomet, Kenya
School of Pure and Applied Sciences, Bomet university College, P.O Box 701-20400, Bomet, Kenya