Phosphorus-based Carrying Capacity of Aquaculture Sites in Lake Victoria, Kenya
Main Article Content
Keywords
Mass-balance model, eutrophication, sustainability, Orechromis nilotic
Abstract
Cage fish aquaculture is increasing rapidly in the African Great Lakes and reservoirs. In Lake Victoria, there is increasing number of cage fish farmers in the shallow bays of the lake. However, despite the proliferation of cages in the lake, there has been little regulation of cage aquaculture of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Lake Victoria leading to socio-economic conflicts and water quality concerns. In this study, we determined total phosphorous (TP) levels and derived water balance parameters, which were then used to compute TP assimilation capacity and fish production potentials for five sites within Kadimu Bay, one of the bays with active cage fish farming in Winam Gulf of Lake Victoria, Kenya. A mass-balance model was used to estimate the TP and fish carrying capacities of the fish cage sites in the bay. The model application is described in details in order to allow for replication in other African lakes and reservoirs, and in order to provide a framework for managing cage aquaculture and water quality. For all the sites, the TP assimilation capacity was exceeded by the TP released by the fish cages. Additionally, the maximum estimated fish production capacities were much less than the current fish production levels for all the sites. It is recommended that policies governing aquaculture production in the lake be reviewed based on these scientific findings and that the mass-balance model has potential applications for managing cage aquaculture in African lakes and reservoirs for sustainable fish production and water quality control.
References
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Njiru, M., Okeyo-Owour, J.B., Muchiri, M., Cowx, I.G., (2004). Shift in the food of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. African Journal of Ecology 42, 163-170.
Oguto-Ohwayo., (1990). The diversity and abundance of zooplankton in Lake Victoria and Kyoga basins and their relationship to fish production. National Fisheries Resources Research Institute (NaFIRRI). http:/hdl.handle.net/1834/ 35207.
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Piper, B.S., Plinston, D.T. Sutcliffe, J.V., (1986). The water balance of Lake Victoria Hydrol. Sci. J. 31(1), 25-37.
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Roberts, R.D., Zohary, T., (2018). Limnology and future of African Inland waters. Inland waters 8(4), 399-412.
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Vollenweider, R.A., Giovanardi, F., Montanari, G., Rinaldi, A., (1998). Characterization of trophic conditions of marine coastal waters with special reference to the NW Adriatic Sea: proposal for a trophic scale, turbidity and generalized water quality index. DOI:org/10.1002/(SICI) 1099.095X(199805/06) 9:3<3291 AID- ENV308>3.0<0:2-9
WM0, (1974). Hydro-meteorological Survey of the Catchments of Lakes Victoria, Kyoga and Albert (4 vols). WM0, Geneva ISSN: 0262-6667.
WM0, (1981). Hydro-meteorological Survey of the Catchments of Lakes Victoria, Kyoga and Mobutu Sese Seko (1 vol). WM0, Geneva ISSN: 0262-6667.
Worm, B., Hilborn, R.J.K., Baum, T.A., Branch, (2009). Rebuilding Global Fisheries, Science 325, 578. DOI: 10.11261 science 1173146.
Xungang, Y., Sharon, E.N., (1998). The water balance of Lake Victoria, Hydrological Sciences Journal 43(5), 789-811.
Aura, C. M., (2020). A brief on fish cage farming in Lake Victoria, Kenya as guidance on decision making for policy direction, Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute (KMFRI), 9 pp.
Aura, C. M., Musa, S., Yongo, E., Okechi, J.K., Njiru, J.M, Ogari, Z., Wanyama, R., Charo-Karisa, H., Mbugua, H., Kidera, S., Ombwa,V., Oucho, J.A., (2018). Integration of mapping and socio-economic status of cage culture: Towards balancing Lake-use and culture Fisheries in Lake Victoria Kenya, journal of Aquaculture research 49(1), 532-545. DOI: 10 1111/are. 13484.
Balek, J., (1977). Hydrology and Water Resources of Tropical Africa. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
Bartram, J., Balance, R., (1996). Water quality monitoring: A practical guide to the design and implementation of freshwater quality studies and monitoring programmes UNEP/UNESCO.
Beveridge, M. C. M., (2004). Cage aquaculture, 3rd ed. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK, pp 368.
Byron, C., Jason, L., Costa-Pierce, B., Bengton, D., (2011). Calculating ecological carrying capacity of Shellfish aquaculture using mass-balance modelling, Aquaculture 222, 1743-1755. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2011.03.010.
Calamari, D., Akech, M.O., Ochumba, O., (1995). Pollution of Winam Gulf, Lake Victoria Kenya: A case study for preliminary risk assessment. Lake and Reservoir Research and management 1, 89-106.
David, G.S., Carvalho, E.D., Lemos, D., Silveira, A.N., Dall’Aglio-Sobrinho, M., (2015). Ecological carrying capacity for intensive tilapia Oreochromis niloticus cage culture in large hydroelectrical reservoir in South-Eastern Brazil. Aquaculture Engineering 66, 30-40. DOI:org/10.1016/j.aquaeng.2015.02.003
de Baulny, H.L., Baker, D., (1970). The water balance of Lake Victoria. Tech Note Water Development Department, Republic of Uganda.
Dillon, P.J., Rigler, F.H., (1975). A simple method for predicting the carrying capacity of lake trophic status. Journal of fisheries research Board Canada 32, 1519-1531.
FAO, (2010). The state of world fisheries and aquaculture, Rome, Italy. 354 pp
Flohn, H., Burkbardt, T., (1985). Nile runoff at Aswan and Lake Victoria, a case of a discontinuous climate time series. Z Gletscherk Glazialgeol. 21, 125-130.
Geheb, K., (1977). The regulation and the regulated fisheries management options and dynamics in Kenya’s Lake Victoria, fisheries (PhD thesis), University of Sussex.
Gikuma-Njuru, P., Rutagemwa, D.K., Mugidde, R., Hecky, R.E., Mwebaza-Ndawula, L., Mwirigi, P.M., Abuodha, J.O.Z.,
Waya, R.K., Matovu, A., Kinobe, J., (2021). Eutrophication of the Lake Victoria ecosystem. Lake Victoria environment management project (LVEMP) http://hdl.handle.net/1834/6902.
Halwarth, M., Soto, D., Arthur, J.R., (2007). Cage Aquaculture-Regional review and Global Overview pp 1-16 FAO Fisheries Technical paper No. 498 Rome, FAO.
Hastenrath, S.L. Kutzbach, J. E., (1983). Paleoclimate estimates from water and energy budgets of East African Lakes. Quatern, Res. 19, 141-153.
Hecky, R.E., Campbell, P., Hendzel, L.L., (1993). The stoichiometry of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in particulate matter of Lakes and Oceans. Limnol.Oceanogr. 38 (4), 709-724.
Howell, P.P, Lock, M., Cobb, S., (1988). The jonglei canal: Impact and oppotuinity, Cambridge University press. Cambridge.
Hurst, H.E., (1952). The Nile basin constable, London ISSN: 0262-6667 Hydrological Science Journal 61(9), 1557-1570.
Joseph, S., (2009). Open sea cage culture: Carrying Capacity and stocking in the grow out system. National Training on cage culture of seabass held at CMFRI, Kochi from 14-23 December, 2009.
Kite, G.W., (1982). Analysis of Lake Victoria levels. Hydrol. Sci. J. 27(2), 99-110.
Kottek, M., Grieser, J., Beck, C., Rudolf, B., Rubel, F., (2006). World map of the Koppen-Geiger climate classification
updated. Meteorology 15, 259-263. DOI: 10.1127/0941-2948/2006/0130.
Ledang, A.B., Odermatt, N.D., Brockmann, O., (2020). Traces of Eutrophication in Winam Gulf Lake Victoria. Inland waters Diversity report.
Mahmudi, M., Lusiana, E.D., Arsad, S., Buwono, N.R., Darmawan, A., Nisya, T.W., Gurinda, G.A., (2019). A study on phosphorus based carrying capacity and trophic status index of floating cages area in Rana Grati. AACL Bioflux. 12: No 5.
Masongo. O., Mwirigi, P., Okungu J., Osio, J., Abuodha,.J.O.Z., Hecky, R.E., (2005). Sedimentation in Lake Victoria and the Winam Gulf Book Chapter 9, 211-265. Url http: //hdlhandle.net/1834/7141.
Njiru, J.M., Aura, C.M., Okechi, J.K., (2018). Cage fish culture in Lake Victoria: A boon or a disaster in waiting? Fisheries Management and Ecology 26(5), 426-434. DOI: 10.1111/fme.12283.
Njiru, M., Okeyo-Owour, J.B., Muchiri, M., Cowx, I.G., (2004). Shift in the food of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus. African Journal of Ecology 42, 163-170.
Oguto-Ohwayo., (1990). The diversity and abundance of zooplankton in Lake Victoria and Kyoga basins and their relationship to fish production. National Fisheries Resources Research Institute (NaFIRRI). http:/hdl.handle.net/1834/ 35207.
Orina, P.S., Ogello, E., Kembenya, E., Githukia, C., Musa, S., Ombwa, V., Mwainge, V.M., Abwao, J., Ondiba, R.N., Okechi, J. K., (2018). State of cage culture in Lake Victoria, Kenya. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333805185
Pillay, T. V. R. Kutty, M. N., (2005). Cabdirect.org [Book] Aquaculture: Principles and Practices.
Pillay, T.V.R., (2008). [Book] Aquaculture and the environment second edition.
Piper, B.S., Plinston, D.T. Sutcliffe, J.V., (1986). The water balance of Lake Victoria Hydrol. Sci. J. 31(1), 25-37.
Plisnier, P.D., Kayanda, R., MacIntyre, S., Obiero, K., Okello, W., Vodacek, A., Cocquyt, C., Abegaz, H., Achieng, A., Akonkwa, B., Albrecht, C., Balagizi, C., Barasa, J., Bashonga, R.A., Bishobibiri A.B., Bootsma, H., Borges, A.V., Chavula, G., Dadi, T., De Keyzer, E.L.R., Doran, P.J., Gabagambi, N., Gatare, R., Gemmell, A., Getahun, A., Haambiya, L.H., Higgins, S.N., Hyangya, B.L., Ir vine, K., Isumbisho, M., Jonasse, C., Katongo, C., Katsev, S., Keyombe, J., Kimirei, I., Kisekelwa, T., Kishe, M., Koding, S.O.A., Kolding, J., Kraemer, B.M., Limbu, P., Lomodei, E., Mahongo, S.B., Malala, J., Mbabazi, S., Masilya, P.M., McCandless, M., Medard, M., Ajode, Z.M., Mrosso, H.D., Mudakikwa, E.R., Mulimbwa, N.; Mushagalusa, D., Muvundja, F.A., Nankabirwa, A., Nahimana, D., Ngatunga, B.P., Ngochera, M., Nicholson, S., Nshombo, M., Ntakimazi, G., Nyamweya, C., Nyeko, J.I., Olago, D., Olbamo, T., O’Reilly, C.M., Pasche, N., Phiri, H., Raasakka, N., Salyani, A., Sibomana, C., Silsbe, G.M., Smith, S., Sterner, R.W., Thiery, W., Tuyisenge, J., Van der Knaap, M., Van Steenberge, M., van Zwieten, P.A.M., Verheyen, E., Wakjira, M., Walakira, J., Wembo, O.N., Lawrence, T., (2022). Need for harmonized long-term multi-lake monitoring of African Great Lakes, Journal of Great Lakes Research, https://DOI:.org/10.1016/j.jglr.2022.01.016.
Pulatsu, S., (2003). The application of phosphorus budget modle estimating the carrying capacity of Kesikkopru Dam Lake. Turkish Journal of Vetenary and Animal Science 27 (5), 1127-1130.
Roberts, R.D., Zohary, T., (2018). Limnology and future of African Inland waters. Inland waters 8(4), 399-412.
Ross, L.G., Telfer, T.C., Falconer, L., Soto, D., Aguilar-Manjarrez, J., Asmah, R., Bermudez, J., Beveridge, M.C.M., Byron,
C.J., Clement, A., Corner, R., Costa-Pierce, B.A., Cross, S., De Wit, M., Dong, S., Ferreira, J.G., Kapetsky, J.M., Karakassis, I., Leschen, W., Little, D., Lundebye, A.K., Murray, F.J., Philip, M., Ramos, L., Sadek, S., Scott, P.C., Valle-Levinson, A.,
Waley, D., White, P.G., Zhu, C., (2013). Carrying capacities and site selection within the ecosystem approach to aquaculture. In: Ross, L.G., Telfer, T.C., Falconer, L., Soto, D., Aguilar-Manjarrez, J. (eds) Site selection and Carrying Capacities for Inland and Coastal Aquaculture, pp. 19–46. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Proceedings No. 21, Rome.
Rothuis, A.M., Turenhout, A., Van Dujin, A., Roem, E., Rurangwa, E., Katunzi, A., Shoko Kabagamba, J.B., (2014). Aquaculture in East Africa; A regional approach. Wageningen LE, Wageningen UR (University and Research centre). LE Report IMARESS.
Spigel, R.H., Coulter, G.W., (1996). Comparison of hydrology and physical limnology of East African Great Lakes: Tanganyika, Malawi, Victoria, Kivu and Turkana (with reference to some North American Great Lakes) in : The limnology climatology and paleoclimatology of East African Lakes (ed.by T.C Johnson and E. Odada), 103-139 Gordon and Breach. Amsterdam.
Vollenweider, R.A., Giovanardi, F., Montanari, G., Rinaldi, A., (1998). Characterization of trophic conditions of marine coastal waters with special reference to the NW Adriatic Sea: proposal for a trophic scale, turbidity and generalized water quality index. DOI:org/10.1002/(SICI) 1099.095X(199805/06) 9:3<3291 AID- ENV308>3.0<0:2-9
WM0, (1974). Hydro-meteorological Survey of the Catchments of Lakes Victoria, Kyoga and Albert (4 vols). WM0, Geneva ISSN: 0262-6667.
WM0, (1981). Hydro-meteorological Survey of the Catchments of Lakes Victoria, Kyoga and Mobutu Sese Seko (1 vol). WM0, Geneva ISSN: 0262-6667.
Worm, B., Hilborn, R.J.K., Baum, T.A., Branch, (2009). Rebuilding Global Fisheries, Science 325, 578. DOI: 10.11261 science 1173146.
Xungang, Y., Sharon, E.N., (1998). The water balance of Lake Victoria, Hydrological Sciences Journal 43(5), 789-811.
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Apr 24, 2024
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Sellu , M., Adiang’, E., & Riziki , J. W. (2024). Phosphorus-based Carrying Capacity of Aquaculture Sites in Lake Victoria, Kenya. Journal of Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems, 2(1), 36–47. https://doi.org/10.69897/jatems.v2i1.91
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Author Biographies
Mawundu Sellu , Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, Njala University PMB, Freetown, Sierra Leone
Department of Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, Njala University PMB, Freetown, Sierra Leone
Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, University of Eldoret, P.O Box 1125-30100, Eldoret, Kenya
Evans Adiang’, Department of Agriculture and Environmental Studies, Ramogi Institute of Advanced Technology, Kisumu, Kenya
Department of Fisheries and Aquatic Science, University of Eldoret, P.O Box 1125-30100, Eldoret, Kenya
Department of Agriculture and Environmental Studies, Ramogi Institute of Advanced Technology, Kisumu, Kenya
Jacques Walumona Riziki , Unité d’Enseignement et de Recherche en Hydrobiologie Appliquée (UERHA), Département de Biologie-Chimie, Institut Supérieur Pédagogique de Bukavu (ISP), Bukavu, D. R. Congo
Unité d’Enseignement et de Recherche en Hydrobiologie Appliquée (UERHA), Département de Biologie-Chimie, Institut Supérieur Pédagogique de Bukavu (ISP), Bukavu, D. R. Congo