Opportunities and Challenges of Alternative Local Biofilter Media in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems
Main Article Content
Keywords
Bacterial colonization, cost effective, environmental impact, sustainable aquaculture, waste management
Abstract
Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) have grown in popularity due to their high production potential and low environmental impact. RAS rely on biofilters to convert toxic ammonia into less toxic compounds by promoting the colonization of beneficial bacteria. Conventionally, plastic media have been used as biofilter substrates but there is growing interest in more sustainable and cost-effective alternatives such as wood chips, biochar, coconut coir, volcanic rock, and gravel. This review examines the potential for using alternative local biofilter media in RAS to improve sustainability and reduce costs. The evaluation focuses primarily on their impact on water quality, waste management, and overall system performance. A comprehensive literature search across multiple databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science was used for this review. Relevant keywords were used in the search, including "recirculating aquaculture systems," "biofilter media," and "local substrates." Articles that focused on studies investigating the performance and effectiveness of local biofilter media in RAS were included. The data was gathered by extracting key findings and insights from selected articles, such as information on biofilter media types, composition, and associated performance metrics. Overall, the findings indicate that using alternative local biofilter media provides promising benefits such as cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and improved water quality. It also highlights limitations such as insufficient performance data, consistency and quality control, potential clogging issues, and maintenance and replacement requirements. The review recommends optimizing the design, operation, and maintenance of biofilters to maximize their potential. More research is needed, however, to fully understand the effectiveness and long-term effects of these materials in RAS.
References
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Chen, M., Chen, Y., Dong, S., Lan, S., Zhou, H., Tan, Z., & Li, X. (2018). Mixed nitrifying bacteria culture under different temperature dropping strategies: Nitrification performance, activity, and community. Chemosphere, 195, 800-809.
Christianson, L. E., Lepine, C., Sibrell, P. L., Penn, C., & Summerfelt, S. T. (2017). Denitrifying woodchip bioreactor and phosphorus filter pairing to minimize pollution swapping. Water research, 121, 129-139.
Cox, K. D., Covernton, G. A., Davies, H. L., Dower, J. F., Juanes, F., & Dudas, S. E. (2019). Human consumption of microplastics. Environmental science & technology, 53(12),7068-7074.
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Diver, S., & Rinehart, L. (2000). Aquaponics-Integration of hydroponics with aquaculture. Attra.
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346-358.
Ebeling, J. M., & Timmons, M. B. (2012). Recirculating aquaculture systems. Aquaculture production systems, 245-277.
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Gichana, Z. M., Liti, D., Waidbacher, H., Zollitsch, W., Drexler, S., & Waikibia, J. (2018 b). Waste management in recirculating aquaculture system through bacteria dissimilation and plant assimilation. Aquaculture International, 26, 1541-1572.
Gichana, Z., Meulenbroek, P., Ogello, E., Drexler, S., Zollitsch, W., Liti, D., Akoll, P., & Waidbacher, H. (2019 a). Growth and Nutrient Removal Efficiency of Sweet
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Gichana, Z., Liti, D., Drexler, S. S., Zollitsch, W., Meulenbroek, P., Wakibia, J., & Waidbacher, H. (2019 b). Effects of aerated and non-aerated biofilters on effluent water treatment from a small-scale recirculating aquaculture system for Nile tilapia (L.). Die Bodenkultur: Journal of Land Management, Food and Environment, 70(4), 209-219.
Gichana, Z., Liti, D., Wakibia, J., Ogello, E., Drexler, S., Meulenbroek, P., ... & Waidbacher, H. (2019). Efficiency of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo), sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua) and amaranth (Amaranthus dubius) in removing nutrients from a smallscale recirculating aquaponic system. Aquaculture International, 27, 1767-1786.
Guerdat, T. C., Losordo, T. M., Classen, J. J., Osborne, J. A., & DeLong, D. P. (2010). An evaluation of commercially available biological filters for recirculating aquaculture systems. Aquacultural engineering, 42(1), 38-49.
Gutierrez-Wing, M. T., & Malone, R. F. (2006). Biological filters in aquaculture: trends and research directions for freshwater and marine applications. Aquacultural engineering, 34(3), 163-171.
Hammer, H. S. (2020). Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) for zebrafish culture. In The Zebrafish in Biomedical Research (pp. 337-356). Academic Press.
Hu, Z., Lee, J. W., Chandran, K., Kim, S., Brotto, A. C., & Khanal, S. K. (2015). Effect of plant species on nitrogen recovery in aquaponics. Bioresource technology, 188, 92-98.
Lennard, W. A., & Leonard, B. V. (2006). A comparison of three different hydroponic sub systems (gravel bed, floating and nutrient film technique) in an aquaponic test system. Aquaculture International, 14, 539-550.
Liu, H., Che, X., & Zhang, Y. (2013). Performance of sequencing microbead biofilters in a recirculating aquaculture system. Aquacultural engineering, 52, 80-86.
Lopardo, C. R., & Urakawa, H. (2019). Performance and microbial diversity of bioreactors using polycaprolactone and polyhydroxyalkanoate as carbon source and biofilm carrier in a closed recirculating aquaculture system. Aquaculture international, 27, 1251-1268.
Lopez-Ponnada, E. V., Lynn, T. J., Peterson, M., Ergas, S. J., & Mihelcic, J. R. (2017). Application of denitrifying wood chip bioreactors for management of residential non point sources of nitrogen. Journal of biological engineering, 11, 1-14.
Love, D. C., Fry, J. P., Genello, L., Hill, E. S., Frederick, J. A., Li, X., & Semmens, K. (2014). An international survey of aquaponics practitioners. PloS one, 9(7), e102662.
Munubi, R. N., Pedersen, L. F., & Chenyambuga, S. W. (2022). Evaluation of biofilter performance with alternative local biomedia in pilot scale recirculating aquaculture systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 366, 132929.
Mchunu, N., Lagerwall, G., & Senzanje, A. (2018). Aquaponics in South Africa: Results of a national survey. Aquaculture Reports, 12, 12-19.
Morgana, S., Ghigliotti, L., Estévez-Calvar, N., Stifanese, R., Wieckzorek, A., Doyle, T., & Garaventa, F. (2018).
Microplastics in the Arctic: a case study with sub-surface water and fish samples off Northeast Greenland. Environmental pollution, 242, 1078-1086.
Muir, J. F. (1982). Recirculated water systems in aquaculture. Recent advances in aquaculture, 358-446.
Mungkung, R., Phillips, M., Castine, S., Beveridge, M., Chaiyawannakarn, N., Nawapakpilai, S., & Waite, R. (2014). Exploratory analysis of resource demand and the environmental footprint of future aquaculture development using Life Cycle Assessment. WorldFish.
Owatari, M. S., Jesus, G. F. A., de Melo Filho, M. E. S., Lapa, K. R., Martins, M. L., & Mouriño, J. L. P. (2018). Synthetic fibre as biological support in freshwater recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). Aquacultural engineering, 82, 56-62.
Pedreira, M. M., Tessitore, A. J. D. A., Pires, A. V., Silva, M. D. A., & Schorer, M. (2016). Substrates for biofilter in recirculating system in Nile tilapia larviculture production. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 17, 553-560.
Pfeiffer, T. J., & Wills, P. S. (2011). Evaluation of three types of structured floating plastic media in moving bed biofilters for total ammonia nitrogen removal in a low salinity hatchery recirculating aquaculture system. Aquacultural engineering, 45(2), 51-59.
Pungrasmi, W., Playchoom, C., & Powtongsook, S. (2013). Optimization and evaluation of a bottom substrate denitrification tank for nitrate removal from a recirculating aquaculture system. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 25(8), 1557-1564.
Pungrasmi, W., Phinitthanaphak, P., & Powtongsook, S. (2016). Nitrogen removal from a recirculating aquaculture system using a pumice bottom substrate nitrification denitrification tank. Ecological engineering, 95, 357-363.
Qi, W., Zhu, S., Shitu, A., Ye, Z., & Liu, D. (2020). Low concentration peroxymonosulfate and UVA-LED combination for E. coli inactivation and wastewater disinfection from recirculating aquaculture systems. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 36, 101362.
Rakocy, J. (2007). Ten Guidelines for Aquaponic Systems. Aquaponics Journal, 46, 14–17.
Saliling, W. J. B., Westerman, P. W., & Losordo, T. M. (2007). Wood chips and wheat straw as alternative biofilter media for denitrification reactors treating aquaculture and other wastewaters with high nitrate concentrations. Aquacultural Engineering, 37(3), 222-233.
Sharma, D., Taylor-Edmonds, L., & Andrews, R. C. (2018). Comparative assessment of ceramic media for drinking water biofiltration. Water research, 128, 1-9.
Shnel, N., Barak, Y., Ezer, T., Dafni, Z., & van Rijn, J. (2002). Design and performance of a zero-discharge tilapia recirculating system. Aquacultural engineering, 26(3), 191-203.
Sikawa, D. C., & Yakupitiyage, A. (2010). The hydroponic production of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L) by using hybrid
catfish (Clarias macrocephalus× C. gariepinus) pond water: Potentials and constraints. Agricultural water management, 97(9), 1317-1325.
Sikora, M., Nowosad, J., & Kucharczyk, D. (2020). Comparison of different biofilter media during biological bed maturation using common carp as a biogen donor. Applied Sciences, 10(2), 626.
Sonwani, R. K., Swain, G., Giri, B. S., Singh, R. S., & Rai, B. N. (2019). A novel comparative study of modified carriers in moving bed biofilm reactor for the treatment of wastewater: Process optimization and kinetic study. Bioresource technology, 281, 335 342.
Summerfelt, S. T., Sharrer, M. J., Tsukuda, S. M., & Gearheart, M. (2009). Process requirements for achieving full-flow disinfection of recirculating water using ozonation and UV irradiation. Aquacultural Engineering, 40(1), 17-27.
Summerfelt, S. T. (2006). Design and management of conventional fluidized-sand biofilters. Aquacultural Engineering, 34(3), 275-302.
Thorarinsdottir, R. I., Kledal, P. R., Skar, S. L. G., Sustaeta, F., Ragnarsdottir, K. V., Mankasingh, U., Pantanella, E.,
Ven, R. V. D. & Shultz, C. (2015). Aquaponics Guidelines, University of Iceland, www.aquaponics.is, 1-63.
Timmons, M. B., Holder, J. L., & Ebeling, J. M. (2006). Application of microbead biological filters. Aquacultural engineering, 34(3), 332-343.
Van Rijn, J., & Barak, Y. (1998, July). Denitrification in recirculating aquaculture systems: from biochemistry to biofilters. In The Second International Conference on Recirculating Aquaculture, Cooperative Extension/Sea Grant, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia (pp. 179-187).
Von Ahnen, M., Pedersen, P. B., & Dalsgaard, J. (2018). Performance of full-scale woodchip bioreactors treating effluents from commercial RAS. Aquacultural Engineering, 83, 130-137.
Watari, T., Nakamura, Y., Kotcharoen, W., Hirakata, Y., Satanwat, P., Pungrasmi, W., & Yamaguchi, T. (2021). Application of down-flow hanging sponge–Upflow sludge blanket system for nitrogen removal in Epinephelus bruneus closed recirculating aquaculture system. Aquaculture, 532, 735997.
Xiao, R., Wei, Y., An, D., Li, D., Ta, X., Wu, Y., & Ren, Q. (2019). A review on the research status and development trend of equipment in water treatment processes of recirculating aquaculture systems. Reviews in Aquaculture, 11(3), 863-895.
Zhang, S. Y., Li, G., Wu, H. B., Liu, X. G., Yao, Y. H., Tao, L., & Liu, H. (2011). An integrated recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) for land-based fish farming: The effects on water quality and fish production. Aquacultural Engineering, 45(3), 93-102.
Azim, M. E., & Little, D. C. (2008). The biofloc technology (BFT) in indoor tanks: water quality, biofloc composition, and growth and welfare of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture, 283(1-4), 29-35.
Badiola, M., Mendiola, D., & Bostock, J. (2012). Recirculating Aquaculture Systems (RAS) analysis: Main issues on management and future challenges. Aquacultural Engineering, 51, 26-35.
Chen, M., Chen, Y., Dong, S., Lan, S., Zhou, H., Tan, Z., & Li, X. (2018). Mixed nitrifying bacteria culture under different temperature dropping strategies: Nitrification performance, activity, and community. Chemosphere, 195, 800-809.
Christianson, L. E., Lepine, C., Sibrell, P. L., Penn, C., & Summerfelt, S. T. (2017). Denitrifying woodchip bioreactor and phosphorus filter pairing to minimize pollution swapping. Water research, 121, 129-139.
Cox, K. D., Covernton, G. A., Davies, H. L., Dower, J. F., Juanes, F., & Dudas, S. E. (2019). Human consumption of microplastics. Environmental science & technology, 53(12),7068-7074.
Cruz, C., Cai, M., Johnson, K., Patelke, M., Saftner, D., & Teasley, R. (2020, February). Performance Evaluation of Alternative Biofilter Media Amendments. In Geo-Congress 2020 (pp. 284-291). Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers.
Dadrasnia, A., Usman, M. M., Lim, K. T., Velappan, R. D., Shahsavari, N., Vejan, P., & Ismail, S. (2017). Microbial aspects in wastewater treatment–a technical. Environmental Pollution and Protection, 2(2), 75-84.
Davidson, J., Helwig, N., & Summerfelt, S. T. (2008). Fluidized sand biofilters used to remove ammonia, biochemical oxygen demand, total coliform bacteria, and suspended solids from an intensive aquaculture effluent. Aquacultural engineering, 39(1), 6-15.
Diver, S., & Rinehart, L. (2000). Aquaponics-Integration of hydroponics with aquaculture. Attra.
Ebeling, J. M., Timmons, M. B., & Bisogni, J. J. (2006). Engineering analysis of the stoichiometry of photoautotrophic, autotrophic, and heterotrophic removal of ammonia nitrogen in aquaculture systems. Aquaculture, 257(1-4),
346-358.
Ebeling, J. M., & Timmons, M. B. (2012). Recirculating aquaculture systems. Aquaculture production systems, 245-277.
Eding, E. H., Kamstra, A., Verreth, J. A. J., Huisman, E. A., & Klapwijk, A. (2006). Design and operation of nitrifying trickling filters in recirculating aquaculture: a review. Aquacultural engineering, 34(3), 234-260.
FAO (2020). GIEWS - Global Information and Early Warning System: Country Briefs. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. Available online at: http://www.fao.org/giews/countrybrief/country.jsp?code= NAM.
Gichana, Z., Waidbacher, H., Zollitsch, W., Drexler, S. & Liti, D. (2018 a). “The potential of aquaponics as food production and nutrient recovery systems in Kenya,” in Towards Productive, Sustainable and Resilient Global Agriculture and Food Systems, eds Horská, E., Kapsdorferová, Z., and Hallová, M. (Proceedings International Scientific Days), 1154–1165.
Gichana, Z. M., Liti, D., Waidbacher, H., Zollitsch, W., Drexler, S., & Waikibia, J. (2018 b). Waste management in recirculating aquaculture system through bacteria dissimilation and plant assimilation. Aquaculture International, 26, 1541-1572.
Gichana, Z., Meulenbroek, P., Ogello, E., Drexler, S., Zollitsch, W., Liti, D., Akoll, P., & Waidbacher, H. (2019 a). Growth and Nutrient Removal Efficiency of Sweet
Wormwood (Artemisia annua) in a Recirculating Aquaculture System for Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Water, 11(5), 923.
Gichana, Z., Liti, D., Drexler, S. S., Zollitsch, W., Meulenbroek, P., Wakibia, J., & Waidbacher, H. (2019 b). Effects of aerated and non-aerated biofilters on effluent water treatment from a small-scale recirculating aquaculture system for Nile tilapia (L.). Die Bodenkultur: Journal of Land Management, Food and Environment, 70(4), 209-219.
Gichana, Z., Liti, D., Wakibia, J., Ogello, E., Drexler, S., Meulenbroek, P., ... & Waidbacher, H. (2019). Efficiency of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo), sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua) and amaranth (Amaranthus dubius) in removing nutrients from a smallscale recirculating aquaponic system. Aquaculture International, 27, 1767-1786.
Guerdat, T. C., Losordo, T. M., Classen, J. J., Osborne, J. A., & DeLong, D. P. (2010). An evaluation of commercially available biological filters for recirculating aquaculture systems. Aquacultural engineering, 42(1), 38-49.
Gutierrez-Wing, M. T., & Malone, R. F. (2006). Biological filters in aquaculture: trends and research directions for freshwater and marine applications. Aquacultural engineering, 34(3), 163-171.
Hammer, H. S. (2020). Recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) for zebrafish culture. In The Zebrafish in Biomedical Research (pp. 337-356). Academic Press.
Hu, Z., Lee, J. W., Chandran, K., Kim, S., Brotto, A. C., & Khanal, S. K. (2015). Effect of plant species on nitrogen recovery in aquaponics. Bioresource technology, 188, 92-98.
Lennard, W. A., & Leonard, B. V. (2006). A comparison of three different hydroponic sub systems (gravel bed, floating and nutrient film technique) in an aquaponic test system. Aquaculture International, 14, 539-550.
Liu, H., Che, X., & Zhang, Y. (2013). Performance of sequencing microbead biofilters in a recirculating aquaculture system. Aquacultural engineering, 52, 80-86.
Lopardo, C. R., & Urakawa, H. (2019). Performance and microbial diversity of bioreactors using polycaprolactone and polyhydroxyalkanoate as carbon source and biofilm carrier in a closed recirculating aquaculture system. Aquaculture international, 27, 1251-1268.
Lopez-Ponnada, E. V., Lynn, T. J., Peterson, M., Ergas, S. J., & Mihelcic, J. R. (2017). Application of denitrifying wood chip bioreactors for management of residential non point sources of nitrogen. Journal of biological engineering, 11, 1-14.
Love, D. C., Fry, J. P., Genello, L., Hill, E. S., Frederick, J. A., Li, X., & Semmens, K. (2014). An international survey of aquaponics practitioners. PloS one, 9(7), e102662.
Munubi, R. N., Pedersen, L. F., & Chenyambuga, S. W. (2022). Evaluation of biofilter performance with alternative local biomedia in pilot scale recirculating aquaculture systems. Journal of Cleaner Production, 366, 132929.
Mchunu, N., Lagerwall, G., & Senzanje, A. (2018). Aquaponics in South Africa: Results of a national survey. Aquaculture Reports, 12, 12-19.
Morgana, S., Ghigliotti, L., Estévez-Calvar, N., Stifanese, R., Wieckzorek, A., Doyle, T., & Garaventa, F. (2018).
Microplastics in the Arctic: a case study with sub-surface water and fish samples off Northeast Greenland. Environmental pollution, 242, 1078-1086.
Muir, J. F. (1982). Recirculated water systems in aquaculture. Recent advances in aquaculture, 358-446.
Mungkung, R., Phillips, M., Castine, S., Beveridge, M., Chaiyawannakarn, N., Nawapakpilai, S., & Waite, R. (2014). Exploratory analysis of resource demand and the environmental footprint of future aquaculture development using Life Cycle Assessment. WorldFish.
Owatari, M. S., Jesus, G. F. A., de Melo Filho, M. E. S., Lapa, K. R., Martins, M. L., & Mouriño, J. L. P. (2018). Synthetic fibre as biological support in freshwater recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS). Aquacultural engineering, 82, 56-62.
Pedreira, M. M., Tessitore, A. J. D. A., Pires, A. V., Silva, M. D. A., & Schorer, M. (2016). Substrates for biofilter in recirculating system in Nile tilapia larviculture production. Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal, 17, 553-560.
Pfeiffer, T. J., & Wills, P. S. (2011). Evaluation of three types of structured floating plastic media in moving bed biofilters for total ammonia nitrogen removal in a low salinity hatchery recirculating aquaculture system. Aquacultural engineering, 45(2), 51-59.
Pungrasmi, W., Playchoom, C., & Powtongsook, S. (2013). Optimization and evaluation of a bottom substrate denitrification tank for nitrate removal from a recirculating aquaculture system. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 25(8), 1557-1564.
Pungrasmi, W., Phinitthanaphak, P., & Powtongsook, S. (2016). Nitrogen removal from a recirculating aquaculture system using a pumice bottom substrate nitrification denitrification tank. Ecological engineering, 95, 357-363.
Qi, W., Zhu, S., Shitu, A., Ye, Z., & Liu, D. (2020). Low concentration peroxymonosulfate and UVA-LED combination for E. coli inactivation and wastewater disinfection from recirculating aquaculture systems. Journal of Water Process Engineering, 36, 101362.
Rakocy, J. (2007). Ten Guidelines for Aquaponic Systems. Aquaponics Journal, 46, 14–17.
Saliling, W. J. B., Westerman, P. W., & Losordo, T. M. (2007). Wood chips and wheat straw as alternative biofilter media for denitrification reactors treating aquaculture and other wastewaters with high nitrate concentrations. Aquacultural Engineering, 37(3), 222-233.
Sharma, D., Taylor-Edmonds, L., & Andrews, R. C. (2018). Comparative assessment of ceramic media for drinking water biofiltration. Water research, 128, 1-9.
Shnel, N., Barak, Y., Ezer, T., Dafni, Z., & van Rijn, J. (2002). Design and performance of a zero-discharge tilapia recirculating system. Aquacultural engineering, 26(3), 191-203.
Sikawa, D. C., & Yakupitiyage, A. (2010). The hydroponic production of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L) by using hybrid
catfish (Clarias macrocephalus× C. gariepinus) pond water: Potentials and constraints. Agricultural water management, 97(9), 1317-1325.
Sikora, M., Nowosad, J., & Kucharczyk, D. (2020). Comparison of different biofilter media during biological bed maturation using common carp as a biogen donor. Applied Sciences, 10(2), 626.
Sonwani, R. K., Swain, G., Giri, B. S., Singh, R. S., & Rai, B. N. (2019). A novel comparative study of modified carriers in moving bed biofilm reactor for the treatment of wastewater: Process optimization and kinetic study. Bioresource technology, 281, 335 342.
Summerfelt, S. T., Sharrer, M. J., Tsukuda, S. M., & Gearheart, M. (2009). Process requirements for achieving full-flow disinfection of recirculating water using ozonation and UV irradiation. Aquacultural Engineering, 40(1), 17-27.
Summerfelt, S. T. (2006). Design and management of conventional fluidized-sand biofilters. Aquacultural Engineering, 34(3), 275-302.
Thorarinsdottir, R. I., Kledal, P. R., Skar, S. L. G., Sustaeta, F., Ragnarsdottir, K. V., Mankasingh, U., Pantanella, E.,
Ven, R. V. D. & Shultz, C. (2015). Aquaponics Guidelines, University of Iceland, www.aquaponics.is, 1-63.
Timmons, M. B., Holder, J. L., & Ebeling, J. M. (2006). Application of microbead biological filters. Aquacultural engineering, 34(3), 332-343.
Van Rijn, J., & Barak, Y. (1998, July). Denitrification in recirculating aquaculture systems: from biochemistry to biofilters. In The Second International Conference on Recirculating Aquaculture, Cooperative Extension/Sea Grant, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia (pp. 179-187).
Von Ahnen, M., Pedersen, P. B., & Dalsgaard, J. (2018). Performance of full-scale woodchip bioreactors treating effluents from commercial RAS. Aquacultural Engineering, 83, 130-137.
Watari, T., Nakamura, Y., Kotcharoen, W., Hirakata, Y., Satanwat, P., Pungrasmi, W., & Yamaguchi, T. (2021). Application of down-flow hanging sponge–Upflow sludge blanket system for nitrogen removal in Epinephelus bruneus closed recirculating aquaculture system. Aquaculture, 532, 735997.
Xiao, R., Wei, Y., An, D., Li, D., Ta, X., Wu, Y., & Ren, Q. (2019). A review on the research status and development trend of equipment in water treatment processes of recirculating aquaculture systems. Reviews in Aquaculture, 11(3), 863-895.
Zhang, S. Y., Li, G., Wu, H. B., Liu, X. G., Yao, Y. H., Tao, L., & Liu, H. (2011). An integrated recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) for land-based fish farming: The effects on water quality and fish production. Aquacultural Engineering, 45(3), 93-102.
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Aug 23, 2023
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How to Cite
Wafula , E. A., Gichana, Z., Onchieku, J., Chepkirui , M., & Orina , P. S. (2023). Opportunities and Challenges of Alternative Local Biofilter Media in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems. Journal of Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems, 1(1), 73–83. https://doi.org/10.69897/jatems.v1i1.24
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Review Articles
Author Biographies
Emily Aluoch Wafula , Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Kegati Aquaculture station, P.O Box 3259-40200, Kisii, Kenya
Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Kegati Aquaculture station, Kisii, Kenya
Zipporah Gichana, Department of Environment, Natural Resources and Aquatic Sciences, Kisii University, P.O. Box 408 - 40200, Kisii, Kenya
Department of Environment, Natural Resources and Aquatic Sciences, Kisii University, Kisii, Kenya
James Onchieku, Department of Environment, Natural Resources and Aquatic Sciences, Kisii University, P.O. Box 408 - 40200, Kisii, Kenya
Department of Environment, Natural Resources and Aquatic Sciences, Kisii University, Kisii, Kenya
Mercy Chepkirui , Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Kegati Aquaculture station, P.O Box 3259-40200, Kisii, Kenya
Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Kegati Aquaculture station, Kisii, Kenya
Kisii University, Department of Environment, Natural Resources and Aquatic Sciences, Kisii, Kenya
Paul Sagwe Orina , Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Kegati Aquaculture station, P.O Box 3259-40200, Kisii, Kenya
Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Kegati Aquaculture station, Kisii, Kenya