The Status of Cowpea Bacterial Blight Disease in Cowpea-Growing Regions of Kenya
Main Article Content
Keywords
Cowpea, bacterial blight, cowpea production zones, incidence, prevalence, Kenya
Abstract
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) is an economically important crop cultivated both for domestic and commercial purposes. It is one of the most resilient crops suited to arid and semi-arid areas. Numerous diseases caused by phytopathogens impact cowpea production. Bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vignicola has been reported in many cowpea-producing areas, causing a reduction in both the quality and quantity of the harvestable leaves and grains. However, in Kenya, the disease occurrence status has not been exhaustively documented. This research conducted random field surveys in 80 farms from six counties representing different zones to analyse the disease occurrence levels. An average of 14 farms were randomly sampled per county. The mean disease incidence was 44.89% which varied across the sampled sites, the lowest farm incidence was 26.87% and 64.67% was the highest mean farm incidence. The bacterial blight of cowpea caused by X. axonopodis pv. vignicola was prevalent in all the sampled regions of Laikipia, Isiolo, Makueni, Uasin Gishu, Kakamega and Meru, with the highest prevalence 93.33% in both Kakamega and Makueni and the lowest in Meru (20.0%). Because of the wide spread of the disease in the cowpea growing seasons of Kenya, there is need for farmers to be sensitised on the presence and identification of the disease in the farms for the best control measures.
References
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Basweti, E., & Achieng, O. J. (2022). Cowpea Rust Disease Incidence and Severity on Growth and Yield of Selected Cowpea Genotypes under Different Cropping Systems in Western Kenya. Ajausud| African Journal of Agriculture and
Utilisation of Natural Resources for Sustainable Development, 1(1).
Binacchi, F., Rusinamhodzi, L., & Cadisch, G. (2022). The potential of conservation agriculture to improve nitrogen fixation in cowpea under the semi-arid conditions of Kenya. Frontiers in Agronomy, 4, 988090.
da Silva, A. C., de Freitas Barbosa, M., da Silva, P. B., de Oliveira, J. P., da Silva, T. L., Junior, D. L. T., & de Moura Rocha, M. (2021). Health benefits and industrial applications of functional cowpea seed proteins. IntechOpen. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.96257
Dada, A. O., Dania, V. O., Oyatomi, O. A., Abberton, M., & Ortega-Beltran, A. (2023). First Report of Colletotrichum cliviicola Causing Anthracnose Disease of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in Nigeria. Plant Disease, 107(7), 2254. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-22-2512-PDN
Deshpande, S. K., Kavyashree, N. M., Singh, K., Ramya, K. R., Sharma, N., & Tripathi, K. (2023). Diseases in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.): Next generation breeding techniques for developing disease-resistant cowpea. in diseases in legume crops: next generation breeding approaches for resistant legume crops (pp. 125-139). Singapore:
Springer Nature Singapore. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3358-7_6
Fithri, A. N., Yueniwati, Y., Arsana, I. W., Khotimah, H., & Nurwidyaningtyas, W. (2024). The potential health benefit of cowpea estrogen-like activity to restore vaginal epithelial cells thinning due to menopausal syndrome. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 8(3). https://10.26538/tjnpr/v8i3.22
Ganiyu, S. A., Popoola, A. R., Owolade, O. F., & Fatona, K. A. (2017). Control of common bacterial blight disease of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp) with certain plant extracts in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Journal of Crop Improvement, 31(3), 280-288. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2017.1299065
Girma, F., Fininsa, C., Terefe, H., & Amsalu, B. (2022). Distribution of common bacterial blight and anthracnose diseases and factors influencing epidemic development in major common bean growing areas in Ethiopia. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B—Soil & Plant Science, 72(1), 685-699. https://
doi.org/10.1080/09064710.2022.2063168
Horn, L. N., & Shimelis, H. (2020). Production constraints and breeding approaches for cowpea improvement for drought prone agro-ecologies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 65(1), 83-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2020.03.002
Joshua, B. (2023). Current Knowledge on Biotic Stresses affecting Legumes: Perspectives in Cowpea and Soybean. Advances in Legume Research: Physiological Responses and Genetic Improvement for Stress Resistance, 14.
Kabade, S. H., Ingle, R. W., Gore, P. M., & Madavi, P. N. (2020). Cultural, morphological and biochemical studies of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae: The causative agent of oily spot in pomegranate. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 8(4), 2518-2523. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i4ac.10012
Kones, C. (2024). Screening of Beneficial Rhizospheric Bacterial and Fungal Isolates for Control of Bacterial Wilt of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, JKUAT-CoANRE).
Lazaridi, E., & Bebeli, P. J. (2023a). Cowpea constraints and breeding in Europe. Plants, 12(6), 1339. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061339.
Lin, Y. R., Lee, S., Lu, C. H., & Chu, C. C. (2020). Genetic and phenotypic characterization of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. maculifoliigardeniae causing bacterial leaf spot of Ixora in Taiwan. Journal of Phytopathology, 168(7-8), 478-489. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.12912
Loushigam, G., & Shanmugam, A. (2023). Modifications to functional and biological properties of proteins of cowpea pulse crop by ultrasound-assisted extraction. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 97, 106448. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106448
Muindi, M. M., Muthini, M., Njeru, E. M., & Maingi, J. (2021). Symbiotic efficiency and genetic characterization of rhizobia and non rhizobial endophytes associated with cowpea grown in semi-arid tropics of Kenya. Heliyon, 7(4).
Mwenda, K. I., Munyiri, S. W., & Ndukhu, H. O. (2023). Effect of maize-cowpea cropping patterns on soil moisture conservation in Meru and Tharaka Nithi Counties. East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal, 87(1 & 2), 10-10.
Nantale, G., Wasswa, P., Edgar, M., Richard, T., Paparu, P., & Dramadri, I. O. (2023). Combining ability of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) genotypes for resistance to cowpea bacterial blight in Uganda. American Journal of Agricultural Science, Engineering, and Technology, 7(1), 21-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajaset.v7i1.1174
Njonjo, M. W. (2018). Quality of cowpea seed used by farmers in Makueni and Taita Taveta Counties and its effect on crop performance (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).
Njonjo, M. W., Muthomi, J. W., & Mwang’ombe, A. W. (2019). Production practices, postharvest handling, and quality of cowpea seed used by farmers in Makueni and Taita Taveta Counties in Kenya. International Journal of Agronomy, 2019(1), 1607535. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1607535
Obafemi, O. A., Owolade, O. F., Olasoji, J. O., Olakojo, S. A., Adamu, R. S., Agboola, A. A., & Obembe, M. O. (2024). Registration of ‘ARTPEA‐204B’, an early‐maturing cowpea cultivar for the southern agro‐ecology of Nigeria, with high fodder, high grain yield and reduced need for insecticidal spray. Journal of Plant Registrations, 18(1), 61-68. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1002/plr2.20335
Obisesan, I., & Ojo, P. (2023). Identification and pathogenicity of Nigrospora sphaerica and Curvularia penniseti associated with leaf spot disease of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) in Nigeria. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 56(5), 397-409. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2023.2195035
Ochichi, P. B. (2015). Effect of cropping systems on the occurrence of fungal and bacterial diseases of legumes in Western Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).
Odundo, S. N. (2023). Effect of Phosphorus Fertilizer Application on Yields of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Varieties across Sites of Differing Soil Fertility in western Kenya.
Ogbonnaya, E., Anigo, K. M., Bala, S. M., Muhammad, A., Bamaiyi, L. J., Precious, E., & Oluchukwu, I. U. (2024). Assessment of the nutritional content of cowpea seed exposed to plant-derived (azadirachtin, myristicin and α-humulene) Insecticides against Callosobruchus maculatus. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 16, 101130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101130
Ogbuji, N. G., & Isalar, O. F. (2021). Effect of Some Fungal and Bacterial Organisms on the Growth of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) Seedlings. Journal of Applied Life Sciences International. 24(12): 11-19
Oguntade, O., Olufolaji, D. B., Oyetayo, V. O., Popoola, A. R., Kazeem, S. A., & Ayodele, M. A. (2021). Morphological and biochemical characterization of strains of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vignicola isolated from cowpea grown in three agro-ecological zones in Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 19(2), 1-12
Ogunsola, K. E., Fatokun, C. A., Boukar, O., & Kumar, P. L. (2023). Inheritance of resistance to three endemic viral diseases of cowpea in Nigeria. Journal of Crop Improvement, 37(2), 291-308. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2022.2090476
Omar, F., Neondo, J., Mweu, C., & Muli, J. (2024). Assessment of genetic diversity of latent bacteria in coconut leaves associated with lethal yellowing disease symptoms in Kenya. Plant Pathology. 73(4) 739-1022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13856
Omomowo, O. I., & Babalola, O. O. (2021). Constraints and prospects of improving cowpea productivity to ensure food, nutritional security and environmental sustainability. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 751731.
Otieno, D., Muraya, M.M. & Mungiria, J.N. (2023). Isolation and Identification of Bacterial Soft-Rot-Causing Isolates from Cassava, Homa-Bay County, Kenya. International Journal of Pathogen Research, 12 (5). pp. 71-84.
Owade, J. O., Abong’, G., Okoth, M., & Mwang’ombe, A. W. (2020). A review of the contribution of cowpea leaves to food and nutrition security in East Africa. Food Science & Nutrition, 8(1), 36-47
Praneetha, S., Srivastava, J. N., Muthuselvi, R., & Malathi, S. (2022). Important diseases of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) and their management. In Diseases of Horticultural Crops: Diagnosis and Management (pp. 131-152). Apple Academic Press.
Saha, S., Romi, I. J., Khatun, F., Saha, B. K., Haque, M. S., & Saha, N. R. (2022). Assessing high-yielding cowpea varieties for bacterial blight resistance in Bangladesh: A step towards an environment-friendly and sustainable solution. Saudi journal of biological sciences, 29(8), 103365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103365
Sampathkumar, A., Aiyanathan, K. E. A., Nakkeeran, S., & Manickam, S. (2023). Multifaceted Bacillus spp. for the management of cotton bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. malvacearum. Biological control, 177, 105111. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2022.105111
Singh, D., Kesharwani, A. K., & Avasthi, A. S. (2023). The type-III effectors-based multiplex PCR for detection of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris causing black rot disease in crucifer crops. 3 Biotech, 13(8), 272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-023-03691-z
Wang, Q., Zhang, C., Long, Y., Wu, X., Su, Y., Lei, Y., & Ai, Q. (2021). Bioactivity and control efficacy of the novel antibiotic tetramycin against various kiwifruit diseases. Antibiotics, 10(3), 289. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10030289
Wanjiku, G. J., Kingori, G. G., & Kirimi, K. J. (2023). Effect of Harvesting Stage on Cowpea Leaf Nutrient Composition. Plant, 11(2), 50-59. DOI: https://doi:10.11648/j.plant.20231102.12
Affrifah, N. S., Phillips, R. D., & Saalia, F. K. (2022). Cowpeas: Nutritional profile, processing methods and products—A review. Legume Science, 4(3), e131. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/leg3.131
Agbicodo, E., Fatokun, C., Bandyopadhyay, R., Wydra, K., Diop, N., Muchero, W., et al. (2010). Identification of markers associated with bacterial blight resistance loci in cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.]. Euphytica 175, 215–226. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-010-0164-5
Amodu, U. S., Kenneth, C. S., & Akpa, A. D. (2017). Occurrence and Pathogenic Variation of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vignicola in Selected Locations in Northern Nigeria. Ibadan Journal of Agricultural Research. 13(2)
Basweti, E., & Achieng, O. J. (2022). Cowpea Rust Disease Incidence and Severity on Growth and Yield of Selected Cowpea Genotypes under Different Cropping Systems in Western Kenya. Ajausud| African Journal of Agriculture and
Utilisation of Natural Resources for Sustainable Development, 1(1).
Binacchi, F., Rusinamhodzi, L., & Cadisch, G. (2022). The potential of conservation agriculture to improve nitrogen fixation in cowpea under the semi-arid conditions of Kenya. Frontiers in Agronomy, 4, 988090.
da Silva, A. C., de Freitas Barbosa, M., da Silva, P. B., de Oliveira, J. P., da Silva, T. L., Junior, D. L. T., & de Moura Rocha, M. (2021). Health benefits and industrial applications of functional cowpea seed proteins. IntechOpen. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.96257
Dada, A. O., Dania, V. O., Oyatomi, O. A., Abberton, M., & Ortega-Beltran, A. (2023). First Report of Colletotrichum cliviicola Causing Anthracnose Disease of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in Nigeria. Plant Disease, 107(7), 2254. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-10-22-2512-PDN
Deshpande, S. K., Kavyashree, N. M., Singh, K., Ramya, K. R., Sharma, N., & Tripathi, K. (2023). Diseases in cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.): Next generation breeding techniques for developing disease-resistant cowpea. in diseases in legume crops: next generation breeding approaches for resistant legume crops (pp. 125-139). Singapore:
Springer Nature Singapore. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-3358-7_6
Fithri, A. N., Yueniwati, Y., Arsana, I. W., Khotimah, H., & Nurwidyaningtyas, W. (2024). The potential health benefit of cowpea estrogen-like activity to restore vaginal epithelial cells thinning due to menopausal syndrome. Tropical Journal of Natural Product Research, 8(3). https://10.26538/tjnpr/v8i3.22
Ganiyu, S. A., Popoola, A. R., Owolade, O. F., & Fatona, K. A. (2017). Control of common bacterial blight disease of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp) with certain plant extracts in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Journal of Crop Improvement, 31(3), 280-288. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2017.1299065
Girma, F., Fininsa, C., Terefe, H., & Amsalu, B. (2022). Distribution of common bacterial blight and anthracnose diseases and factors influencing epidemic development in major common bean growing areas in Ethiopia. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B—Soil & Plant Science, 72(1), 685-699. https://
doi.org/10.1080/09064710.2022.2063168
Horn, L. N., & Shimelis, H. (2020). Production constraints and breeding approaches for cowpea improvement for drought prone agro-ecologies in Sub-Saharan Africa. Annals of Agricultural Sciences, 65(1), 83-91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aoas.2020.03.002
Joshua, B. (2023). Current Knowledge on Biotic Stresses affecting Legumes: Perspectives in Cowpea and Soybean. Advances in Legume Research: Physiological Responses and Genetic Improvement for Stress Resistance, 14.
Kabade, S. H., Ingle, R. W., Gore, P. M., & Madavi, P. N. (2020). Cultural, morphological and biochemical studies of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. punicae: The causative agent of oily spot in pomegranate. International Journal of Chemical Studies, 8(4), 2518-2523. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22271/chemi.2020.v8.i4ac.10012
Kones, C. (2024). Screening of Beneficial Rhizospheric Bacterial and Fungal Isolates for Control of Bacterial Wilt of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, JKUAT-CoANRE).
Lazaridi, E., & Bebeli, P. J. (2023a). Cowpea constraints and breeding in Europe. Plants, 12(6), 1339. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12061339.
Lin, Y. R., Lee, S., Lu, C. H., & Chu, C. C. (2020). Genetic and phenotypic characterization of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. maculifoliigardeniae causing bacterial leaf spot of Ixora in Taiwan. Journal of Phytopathology, 168(7-8), 478-489. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jph.12912
Loushigam, G., & Shanmugam, A. (2023). Modifications to functional and biological properties of proteins of cowpea pulse crop by ultrasound-assisted extraction. Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 97, 106448. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2023.106448
Muindi, M. M., Muthini, M., Njeru, E. M., & Maingi, J. (2021). Symbiotic efficiency and genetic characterization of rhizobia and non rhizobial endophytes associated with cowpea grown in semi-arid tropics of Kenya. Heliyon, 7(4).
Mwenda, K. I., Munyiri, S. W., & Ndukhu, H. O. (2023). Effect of maize-cowpea cropping patterns on soil moisture conservation in Meru and Tharaka Nithi Counties. East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal, 87(1 & 2), 10-10.
Nantale, G., Wasswa, P., Edgar, M., Richard, T., Paparu, P., & Dramadri, I. O. (2023). Combining ability of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) genotypes for resistance to cowpea bacterial blight in Uganda. American Journal of Agricultural Science, Engineering, and Technology, 7(1), 21-28. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54536/ajaset.v7i1.1174
Njonjo, M. W. (2018). Quality of cowpea seed used by farmers in Makueni and Taita Taveta Counties and its effect on crop performance (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).
Njonjo, M. W., Muthomi, J. W., & Mwang’ombe, A. W. (2019). Production practices, postharvest handling, and quality of cowpea seed used by farmers in Makueni and Taita Taveta Counties in Kenya. International Journal of Agronomy, 2019(1), 1607535. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/1607535
Obafemi, O. A., Owolade, O. F., Olasoji, J. O., Olakojo, S. A., Adamu, R. S., Agboola, A. A., & Obembe, M. O. (2024). Registration of ‘ARTPEA‐204B’, an early‐maturing cowpea cultivar for the southern agro‐ecology of Nigeria, with high fodder, high grain yield and reduced need for insecticidal spray. Journal of Plant Registrations, 18(1), 61-68. DOI:
https://doi.org/10.1002/plr2.20335
Obisesan, I., & Ojo, P. (2023). Identification and pathogenicity of Nigrospora sphaerica and Curvularia penniseti associated with leaf spot disease of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) in Nigeria. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 56(5), 397-409. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03235408.2023.2195035
Ochichi, P. B. (2015). Effect of cropping systems on the occurrence of fungal and bacterial diseases of legumes in Western Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).
Odundo, S. N. (2023). Effect of Phosphorus Fertilizer Application on Yields of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) Varieties across Sites of Differing Soil Fertility in western Kenya.
Ogbonnaya, E., Anigo, K. M., Bala, S. M., Muhammad, A., Bamaiyi, L. J., Precious, E., & Oluchukwu, I. U. (2024). Assessment of the nutritional content of cowpea seed exposed to plant-derived (azadirachtin, myristicin and α-humulene) Insecticides against Callosobruchus maculatus. Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, 16, 101130. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jafr.2024.101130
Ogbuji, N. G., & Isalar, O. F. (2021). Effect of Some Fungal and Bacterial Organisms on the Growth of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) Seedlings. Journal of Applied Life Sciences International. 24(12): 11-19
Oguntade, O., Olufolaji, D. B., Oyetayo, V. O., Popoola, A. R., Kazeem, S. A., & Ayodele, M. A. (2021). Morphological and biochemical characterization of strains of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vignicola isolated from cowpea grown in three agro-ecological zones in Nigeria. Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences, 19(2), 1-12
Ogunsola, K. E., Fatokun, C. A., Boukar, O., & Kumar, P. L. (2023). Inheritance of resistance to three endemic viral diseases of cowpea in Nigeria. Journal of Crop Improvement, 37(2), 291-308. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2022.2090476
Omar, F., Neondo, J., Mweu, C., & Muli, J. (2024). Assessment of genetic diversity of latent bacteria in coconut leaves associated with lethal yellowing disease symptoms in Kenya. Plant Pathology. 73(4) 739-1022. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13856
Omomowo, O. I., & Babalola, O. O. (2021). Constraints and prospects of improving cowpea productivity to ensure food, nutritional security and environmental sustainability. Frontiers in Plant Science, 12, 751731.
Otieno, D., Muraya, M.M. & Mungiria, J.N. (2023). Isolation and Identification of Bacterial Soft-Rot-Causing Isolates from Cassava, Homa-Bay County, Kenya. International Journal of Pathogen Research, 12 (5). pp. 71-84.
Owade, J. O., Abong’, G., Okoth, M., & Mwang’ombe, A. W. (2020). A review of the contribution of cowpea leaves to food and nutrition security in East Africa. Food Science & Nutrition, 8(1), 36-47
Praneetha, S., Srivastava, J. N., Muthuselvi, R., & Malathi, S. (2022). Important diseases of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) and their management. In Diseases of Horticultural Crops: Diagnosis and Management (pp. 131-152). Apple Academic Press.
Saha, S., Romi, I. J., Khatun, F., Saha, B. K., Haque, M. S., & Saha, N. R. (2022). Assessing high-yielding cowpea varieties for bacterial blight resistance in Bangladesh: A step towards an environment-friendly and sustainable solution. Saudi journal of biological sciences, 29(8), 103365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2022.103365
Sampathkumar, A., Aiyanathan, K. E. A., Nakkeeran, S., & Manickam, S. (2023). Multifaceted Bacillus spp. for the management of cotton bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas citri pv. malvacearum. Biological control, 177, 105111. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocontrol.2022.105111
Singh, D., Kesharwani, A. K., & Avasthi, A. S. (2023). The type-III effectors-based multiplex PCR for detection of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris causing black rot disease in crucifer crops. 3 Biotech, 13(8), 272. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-023-03691-z
Wang, Q., Zhang, C., Long, Y., Wu, X., Su, Y., Lei, Y., & Ai, Q. (2021). Bioactivity and control efficacy of the novel antibiotic tetramycin against various kiwifruit diseases. Antibiotics, 10(3), 289. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10030289
Wanjiku, G. J., Kingori, G. G., & Kirimi, K. J. (2023). Effect of Harvesting Stage on Cowpea Leaf Nutrient Composition. Plant, 11(2), 50-59. DOI: https://doi:10.11648/j.plant.20231102.12
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Oct 9, 2025
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Kirarei, E. K., Kipsumbai , P. K., Jeruto , P., & Kiprop , E. K. (2025). The Status of Cowpea Bacterial Blight Disease in Cowpea-Growing Regions of Kenya. Journal of Crops, Livestock and Pest Management, 3(3), 26–36. https://doi.org/10.69897/joclipm.v3i3.297
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Author Biographies
Ezra K. Kirarei, Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125-30100 Eldoret
Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, University of Eldoret,
P.O. Box 1125-30100 Eldoret
Pixley K. Kipsumbai , Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125-30100, Eldoret, Kenya
Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125-30100, Eldoret, Kenya
Pascaline Jeruto , Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125-30100, Eldoret, Kenya
Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125-30100, Eldoret, Kenya
Ezekiel K. Kiprop , Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125-30100, Eldoret, Kenya
Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125-30100, Eldoret, Kenya