Pesticide Residue Levels in Nzoia River Catchment Area
Main Article Content
Keywords
Pesticide, residue, catchment, soil, pollution, effluent, sediments
Abstract
A lot of pesticides are often used to control and manage pests in agricultural areas leading to their accumulation in various matrices and thus polluting the environment. Some of the applied pesticides are biodegradable while others convert to other forms which are even more lethal than the original compounds. The Nzoia River catchment zone being a sugarcane growing region has serious mosquito infestations forcing public health officials to use DDT for mosquito control. A study of pesticide residue levels in the Nzoia catchment area has been done by stratified sampling of water, soils and sediments from eight (8) different sites along the river. The samples were collected in two seasons (during dry and rainy seasons) and were extracted by liquid-liquid extraction method. The extracted samples were then screened and determined qualitatively for pesticides using GC/MS. Quantitative analysis of organochlorines and pyrethroids were done using GC/ECD. The results show a variation of pesticide residue levels with season. Some organochlorines (lindane and endosulfan sulphate) and pyrethroids were within the WHO’s MRL (Maximum Residue Limits) while op-DDE in Webuye [0.0794±0.0017 ppm] exceeded the WHO MRL value of 0.04 ppm for op’DDE. The Nzoia River catchment zone is polluted from some of the pesticides studied and unless their use is checked, a serious environmental degradation is likely to ensue. To reduce consumer health concerns, routine monitoring of pesticide residues in water, soil, and sediments is advised. Farmers must be educated on the usage of organic fertilisers and integrated pest management.
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Environmental Reviews, 27(4), 447-477.
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(pp. 235-259). Academic Press.
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Mawussi, G., Scorza Júnior, R. P., Dossa, E. L., & Alaté, K. K. A. (2014). Insecticide residues in soil and water in coastal areas of vegetable production in Togo. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 186(11), 7379-7385.
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Mbaisi, C. N., Kipkorir, E. C., & Omondi, P. (2016). The Perception of Farmers on Climate Change and Variability Patterns in the Nzoia River Basin, Kenya. Perception, 6(20).
Méjanelle, L., Jara, B., & Dachs, J. (2020). Fate of pyrethroids in freshwater and marine environments. Pyrethroid Insecticides, 81-107.
Mengistie, B. T., Mol, A. P., & Oosterveer, P. (2017). Pesticide use practices among smallholder vegetable farmers in Ethiopian Central Rift Valley. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 19(1), 301-324.
Mirenga, E. O. A. (2018). Biodegradation Kinetics of Chlorpyrifos And Diuron Degrading Bacterial Isolates From The Nzoia River Drainage Basin, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, MMUST).
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Nabi, G., Ahmad, S., Ullah, S., Zada, S., Sarfraz, M., Guo, X., ... & Wanghe, K. (2022). The adverse health effects of increasing microplastic pollution on aquatic mammals. Journal of King Saud University-Science, 34(4), 102006.
Nadir, S., Jaoko, V., Osano, P., & Ongugo, P. O. (2019). Status of water quality in Mt. Elgon, Cherangany forested ecosystems and entire River Nzoia catchment in Kenya.
Nadir, S., Jaoko, V., Osano, P., & Ongugo, P. O. (2019). Status of water quality in Mt. Elgon, Cherangany forested ecosystems and entire River Nzoia catchment in Kenya.
Ngowi, A. V. F., Mbise, T. J., Ijani, A. S., London, L., & Ajayi, O. C. (2007). Smallholder vegetable farmers in Northern Tanzania: Pesticides use practices, perceptions, cost and health effects. Crop protection, 26(11), 1617-1624.
Nyakeya, K. Nyamora, J., & Kerich, E., (2018). Incidence of Larvae Deformities in Chironomus Species (Diptera: Chironomidae) as Bio-Indicators of Water Quality in Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya.
Odwori, E. O. (2020). Factors Determining Households’ Willingness To Pay For Improved Water Supply Services In Nzoia River Basin, Kenya. International Journal of Innovative Research and Advanced Studies (IJIRAS), 7(7), 165-176.
Odwori, E. O. (2021). Household Coping Strategies for Unreliable Water Supplies in Nzoia River Basin, Kenya. International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), 8(4) 7-14
Odwori, E. O., & Munyendo, L. L. W. (2020). Impact of Covid-19 crisis on drinking water utilities in Nzoia River Basin, Kenya. African Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities Research, 3(6), 204-215.
Ombogo, L. (2016). Rainfall Trends and flooding in the Sondu miriu river basin.
Omondi, C. (2017). Distribution of heavy metals in water and sediments of lower River Nzoia (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).
Omungu, B. A. (2014). Impact of natural disasters on rural household poverty-A case study of floods in lower Kano plains, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).
Opere, A. (2013). Floods in Kenya. In Developments in earth surface processes (Vol. 16, pp. 315-330). Elsevier.
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Published
Jun 6, 2023
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How to Cite
Tarus , S. J., Kituyi, L. J., & Segor , F. K. (2023). Pesticide Residue Levels in Nzoia River Catchment Area. Journal of Aquatic and Terrestrial Ecosystems, 1(1), 22–34. https://doi.org/10.69897/jatems.v1i1.21
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Author Biographies
Susan J. Tarus , Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125-30100, Eldoret Kenya
Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Eldoret, Kenya
Lusweti J. Kituyi, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125-30100, Eldoret Kenya
Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Eldoret, Kenya
Fredric K. Segor , Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Eldoret, P.O. Box 1125-30100, Eldoret Kenya
Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Eldoret, Kenya