Community-based Conservation of Red Colobus in Tana River Delta, Kenya

Abstract

The Tana Red colobus (Piliocolobus rufomitratus) is an endangered species that is found only in a small area of 34 fragmented forests in the lower Tana Delta, Kenya, which has a total area of 60 km2. Although there are measures in place for conservation, human activities still threaten this species. Just recently, the discovery of a flourishing group of Red colobus 70 km away from their known habitat and within community land was a very encouraging find. The study was conducted to reveal how local people's cultural values, attitudes, and perceptions have played a significant role in the survival of this isolated group and also how these insights can support larger conservation efforts. A descriptive design was used for data collection from 255 randomly selected community members as well as key informants such as Kenya Wildlife Service staff, chiefs, and village elders using questionnaires, interviews, and focus group discussions. Statistical methods were applied for both descriptive and inferential analysis. Among the findings it was established that communities have helped in the conservation of Red colobus through cultural beliefs, taboos, and folklore and by protecting sacred forests and burial sites. Additionally, water (66.5%), traditional plants (55.5%), wood (44.5%), fruits (42.5%), firewood (39.5%), and restricted usage of burial places (4.9%) and ceremonies (1.3%) were the main advantages of conserving these ecosystems. Male respondents benefited more than female ones from most resources, especially water (63%), timber (82%), and herbs (60%). The study indicates that the enhancement of public participation, awareness, and education on the ecological and cultural value of the Tana Delta’s forests and wildlife through community forums, rallies, and mass media can help in community-driven conservation of the Red colobus and their habitats. The conservation of the Tana Red Colobus faces major challenges, including habitat loss from agricultural expansion, overgrazing, and charcoal burning, persistent human–wildlife conflict, weak community engagement, and limited benefit-sharing mechanisms, all of which undermine local support for long-term conservation. Sustainable conservation requires a biosocial approach that prioritizes the formal integration of indigenous governance systems and the immediate implementation of equitable, gender-sensitive benefit-sharing mechanisms to convert utilitarian value into long-term community support.