Participatory M&E Design and the Sustainability of Community Development: Empirical Evidence from DHAPP Project in Juba, South Sudan
Main Article Content
Keywords
Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation, PM&E design, project sustainability, DHAPP project, community development, Juba South Sudan
Abstract
This study examined the relationship between Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation (PM&E) design and sustainability of the DHAPP project in Juba, South Sudan. It was grounded on Stakeholder and Empowerment Theories. The study adopted a mixed-methods approach combining quantitative and qualitative data within a cross-sectional design. A sample of 170 respondents was drawn from 280 beneficiaries and key project personnel using systematic random and purposive sampling techniques. Data were collected using structured questionnaires, key informant interviews, and document review. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and linear regression in SPSS, while qualitative data underwent thematic analysis. Findings show high stakeholder participation in PM&E design (M = 4.26), particularly in target setting, indicator development, selection of data collection tools, and tool validation. Respondents also reported strong sustainability outcomes (M = 4.23), including continued project activities after donor reduction, strong community ownership, and integration of DHAPP services into local systems. However, inferential results indicate a very weak positive relationship between PM&E design and sustainability (r = 0.037, p = 0.644). Regression analysis confirms no statistically significant effect of PM&E design on project sustainability (F = 0.214, p = 0.644; R² = 0.001). This indicates that sustainability outcomes depend more on institutional capacity, financial resources, governance systems, and post-project support structures than on participatory M&E design alone. The study recommends that future interventions strengthen institutional and community capacity, integrate sustainability planning into core project systems and align participatory M&E with resource and governance frameworks that support long-term continuity of project benefits.
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Cooke, B., & Kothari, U. (Eds.). (2001). Participation: The new tyranny? Zed Books.
Cornell Empowerment Group. (1989). Empowerment and family support. Networking Bulletin, 1(2), 1–23.
Dagne, T., & Young, J. (2025). Limitations of International Interventions in Fragile States: The Case of South Sudan.
Darden School of Business. (2024). Stakeholder: How Ed Freeman's vision for responsible business moved from theory to reality. University of Virginia Darden School of Business. https://news.darden.virginia.edu/2024/05/16/stakeholder-how-ed-freemans-vision-for-responsible-business-moved-from-theory-to-reality/
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Freeman, R. E. (1984). Strategic management: A stakeholder approach. Pitman.
Freeman, R. E., Harrison, J. S., Wicks, A. C., Parmar, B. L., & de Colle, S. (2010). Stakeholder theory: The state of the art. Cambridge University Press.
Gatdet, G. M. M. (2025). The role of participatory monitoring and evaluation in public and private sectors: Evidences from countries that established national evaluation policies and systems (NEPS). The International Journal of Humanities and Social Studies, 5(10), 1–13. https://www.ijohss.org/index.php/ijhss/article/view/7
Gwiriri, L. C., & Bennett, J. E. (2020). Balancing democracy with service delivery: Power relations, politics and accountability in cooperatives supporting emergent livestock farmers in South Africa. International Journal of the Commons, 14(1), 123–138. https://doi.org/10.5334/ijc.973
Kabethi, J. M., & Onyango, S. (2024). Monitoring and evaluation practices and sustainability of agribusiness projects in Kenya. Karatina University Repository. Available at: https://karuspace.karu.ac.ke/entities/publication/098a1c24-4bb6-406e-abed-98cb030881a5
Kamau, C. G. (2025). Common pitfalls in monitoring and evaluation with respect to project success in Africa. International Journal of Advanced Multidisciplinary Research and Studies, 5(3). https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4891027
Kamau, D. N., & Muchelule, Y. (2024). Influence of participatory monitoring and evaluation on performance of livelihood development projects in Somaliland. International Journal of Social Sciences Management and Entrepreneurship (IJSSME), 8(1). https://www.sagepublishers.com/index.php/ijssme/article/view/394
Kamugisha, G. (2024). Monitoring and evaluation practices and urban water sustainability project in Rwanda: A case of WASAC Project in Kigali City. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Project Management. https://stratfordjournalpublishers.org/journals/index.php/journal-of-entrepreneurship-proj/article/view/2207
Karlo, N. S., Odenyo, M., Soforon, O. G. B., & Ayahu, B. O. L. (2026). Political Instability and Its Impact on Human Resource Policies at the Local Government, Eastern Equatoria State-Torit, Juba, South Sudan.
Kimote, J., & Muchai, S. K. (2024). Assessing approaches to strengthen monitoring and evaluation in development projects: Evidence from donor-funded projects in Machakos County, Kenya. African Journal of Empirical Research, 5(2), 598–607. https://doi.org/10.51867/ajernet.5.2.53
Kuhumba, S. K., & Mhando, N. E. (2025). Ubuntu ethics as a paradigm for human development in Africa. In E. Chitando, B. Okyere-Manu, S. Chirongoma, & M. W. Dube (Eds.), The Palgrave handbook of Ubuntu, inequality and sustainable development (pp. 33–50). Palgrave Macmillan.
Lasu, A. A., Changjowk, A., Fezeu Meyou, S., Awongo, H. D., Lefebvre, R. C., Tongun, J., ... & Courtney, L. P. (2023). Barriers and enablers to accessing HIV services at South Sudan military facilities: Using qualitative data for program improvement. medRxiv, 2023-11.
Legovini, A., Di Maro, v., & Piza, C. (2015). Impact evaluation helps deliver development projects. Policy Research Working Papers, 2015(7157). The World Bank. https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/entities/publication/36fed8e6-a915-5467-bb6f-3c7ffb065623
Kibukho, K. (2021). Mediating role of citizen empowerment in the relationship between participatory monitoring and evaluation and social sustainability. Evaluation and Program Planning, 85, 101911.
Loum, R. A. M., & Kyalo, J. (2026). Monitoring and evaluation practices and sustainability of humanitarian assistance
project in Juba South Sudan. International Journal of Management and Commerce Innovations, 14(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.19367316
Masvaure, S., & Fish, T. E. (2022). Strengthening and measuring monitoring and evaluation capacity in selected African programmes. African Evaluation Journal, 10(1), a635. https://doi.org/10.4102/aej.v10i1.635
Mitchell, R. K., Agle, B. R., & Wood, D. J. (1997). Toward a theory of stakeholder identification and salience: Defining the principle of who and what really counts. Academy of Management Review, 22(4), 853–886. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1997.9711022105
Mohamed, N. A., & Kulmie, D. A. (2023). Role of effective monitoring and evaluation in promoting good governance in public institutions. Public Administration Research, 12(2), 48.
Morkel, C., & Sibanda, A. (2022). Country-led monitoring and evaluation systems through the lens of participatory governance and co-production: Implications for a Made in Africa Evaluation approach. African Evaluation Journal, 10(1), 622.
Morkel, C., & Sibanda, A. (2022). Country-led monitoring and evaluation systems through the lens of participatory governance and co-production: Implications for a made in Africa evaluation approach. African Evaluation Journal, 10(1), a620. https://doi.org/10.4102/aej.v10i1.622
Muvhuti, B. (2023). Factors Influencing the Performance of Power Africa Donor-driven Monitoring and Evaluation System in South Africa (Master's thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg (South Africa)). https://www.proquest.com/openview/ed4203939ca1e4ddc412af302d388dea/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=2026366&diss=y
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). (2023). Applying evaluation criteria thoughtfully. https://www.oecd.org/dac/evaluation/applying-evaluation-criteria-thoughtfully.htm
Otundo R., M. (2024). Innovative Approaches to Monitoring and Evaluation in Sustainability Projects: the Impact of Digital Tools and Community Involvement in Kenya. Innovative Approaches to Monitoring and Evaluation in Sustainability Projects: the Impact of Digital Tools and Community Involvement in Kenya.(October 20, 2024). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4993752
Parmar, B. L., Freeman, R. E., Harrison, J. S., Wicks, A. C., Purnell, L., & de Colle, S. (2010). Stakeholder theory: The state of the art. The Academy of Management Annals, 4(1), 403–445. https://doi.org/10.1080/19416521003758115
Perkins, D. D., & Zimmerman, M. A. (1995). Empowerment theory, research, and application: An introduction to a special issue. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), 569–579. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02506982
Phillips, R. (2003). Stakeholder theory and organizational ethics. Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
Rappaport, J. (1981). In praise of paradox: A social policy of empowerment over prevention. American Journal of Community Psychology, 9(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00896357
Riger, S. (1993). What's wrong with empowerment. American Journal of Community Psychology, 21(3), 279–292. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00941511
Rissel, C. (1994). Empowerment: The holy grail of health promotion. Health Promotion International, 9(1), 39–47. https://doi.org/10.1093/heapro/9.1.39
Senbeto, B. (2023). Practices, challenges, and prospects of participatory monitoring and evaluation in development projects: The case of World Vision Ethiopia SPIR I Project (Master's thesis, Ambo University). http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/2906
Serrano-Garcia, I. (1984). The illusion of empowerment: Community development within a colonial context. Prevention in Human Services, 3(2–3), 173–200. https://doi.org/10.1300/J293v03n02_13
Swift, C., & Levin, G. (1987). Empowerment: An emerging mental health technology. Journal of Primary Prevention, 8(2), 71–94. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01621510
U.S. Department of Defense HIV/AIDS Prevention Program (DHAPP). (2023). Program Director, HIV/AIDS Program -
Proposal [Job announcement]. Devex. https://www.devex.com/jobs/program-director-hiv-aids-program-proposal-1195507
Uraguchi, Z. (2025). Nothing about them without them: insights from six countries on involving “beneficiaries” in co-design, monitoring, and evaluation of research-to-impact projects. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities, 7, 1569830.
Vanessa, E. K., & Gitahi, N. (2023). Community Participation in Monitoring Evaluation and Project Sustainability in Rwanda. Journal of Entrepreneurship & Project Management, 7(2), 93-112. https://doi.org/10.53819/81018102t5167
WFP. (2024). South Sudan annual country report 2024. World Food Programme. https://wfp.tind.io/record/130619/files/ELR%203574.pdf
World Bank. (2024). South Sudan Health Sector Transformation Project (HSTP) (P181385). World Bank Documents & Reports. https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/099121123152529349/pdf/BOSIB12886229a02a1bcdc12ee681b5fe59.pdf
Zakayo, V. V., & Sang, P. (2024). Participatory monitoring and evaluation and sustainability of community development projects in Kitui West Constituency, Kenya. International Journal of Current Aspects, 8(2), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.35942/mvyvem36
Zimmerman, M. A. (1990). Taking aim on empowerment research: On the distinction between individual and psychological conceptions. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18(1), 169–177. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00922695
Zimmerman, M. A. (1995). Psychological empowerment: Issues and illustrations. American Journal of Community Psychology, 23(5), 581–599. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02506983
Zimmerman, M. A. (2000). Empowerment theory: Psychological, organizational and community levels of analysis. In J. Rappaport & E. Seidman (Eds.), Handbook of community psychology (pp. 43–63). Springer.
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Jun 27, 2026
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Mogga , S. E., Bugabo, S. G., Owuor , F. O., Awici, C. C., & Bbuye, J. (2026). Participatory M&E Design and the Sustainability of Community Development: Empirical Evidence from DHAPP Project in Juba, South Sudan. Journal of Frontiers in Humanities and Social Sciences, 4(2), 102–125. https://doi.org/10.69897/jofhscs.v4i2.369
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Author Biographies
Simon Emmanuel Mogga , Uganda Management Institute (UMI), P.O. Box 20131, Kampala, Uganda
Uganda Management Institute (UMI), P.O. Box 20131, Kampala, Uganda
Stephen Gumisiriza Bugabo, Uganda Management Institute (UMI), P.O. Box 20131, Kampala, Uganda
Uganda Management Institute (UMI), P.O. Box 20131, Kampala, Uganda
Fredrick Ochieng Owuor , Uganda Management Institute (UMI), P.O. Box 20131, Kampala, Uganda
Uganda Management Institute (UMI), P.O. Box 20131, Kampala, Uganda
Charlse Churchill Awici, Uganda Management Institute (UMI), P.O. Box 20131, Kampala, Uganda
Uganda Management Institute (UMI), P.O. Box 20131, Kampala, Uganda
Julian Bbuye, Uganda Management Institute (UMI), P.O. Box 20131, Kampala, Uganda
Uganda Management Institute (UMI), P.O. Box 20131, Kampala, Uganda