Teachers’ Perception of the Influence of Sexual Abstinence Programs on Teenage Pregnancy in Public Primary Schools in Nandi North Sub-County, Nandi County
Main Article Content
Keywords
Teenage pregnancy, school, teacher, perception, sexual abstinence programs
Abstract
Teenage pregnancy remains one of the major social and educational concerns in many regions within Kenya. It interrupts young girls' education and causes high dropout rates, poor performance and a cycle of socio-economic problems that may persist into adulthood. To combat this issue, various mitigation measures have been introduced, including programs and health policies established by governments to protect girls from unintended pregnancies. Despite these efforts, teenage pregnancy rates continue to rise in the country. This study therefore evaluated teachers’ perception of the influence of sexual abstinence programs on teenage pregnancy in public primary schools in Nandi North Sub-County, Nandi County. The study was guided by Social Learning Theory, developed by psychologist Albert Bandura in 1971. The target population was 1387 teachers from six existing zones of Nandi North Sub-County. The sample size of 301 respondents was obtained using Krejcie and Morgan (1970) sample size table. The respondents were stratified into educational zones and sampled using simple random sampling approach. Purposive sampling was used to select 24 guidance and counselling teachers as key informants. Data was collected using structured questionnaire and interview schedule. A pilot study was conducted to determine validity and reliability of research instruments. Content validity and Cronbach’s alpha was used to assess reliability. The study obtained a reliability coefficient of 0.78 which was deemed to be acceptable. The data was coded into Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), version 23 and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Qualitative data from key informants (interviewees) was thematically classified and arranged before they were reported in narrations and quotations as per the research objectives. Results revealed a moderate positive significant relationship between influence of sexual abstinence programs and teenage pregnancy (r=-0.531, p< 0.000). This implies that as sexual abstinence programs increase, teenage pregnancy rates tend to decrease moderately. The study recommends that abstinence programs be supplemented by comprehensive sex education in primary schools in Nandi County.
References
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Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (2022). Kenya Demographic and Health Survey. Fact Sheet. https://www.knbs.or.ke/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Kenya-Demographic-and-Health-Survey-2022-Factsheet-Nandi.pdf
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Mbugua, N. (2007). Factors inhibiting educated mothers in Kenya from giving meaningful sex-education to their daughters. Social Science & Medicine, 64(5), 1079-1089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.10.008
Melesse, D. Y., Cane, R. M., Mangombe, A., Ijadunola, M. Y., Manu, A., Bamgboye, E., ... & Boerma, T. (2021). Inequalities in early marriage, childbearing and sexual debut among adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa. Reproductive health, 18, 1-15.
Miriti, P. K. (2022). Teacher-student communication and prevention of teenage pregnancies in public secondary schools in Narok county, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, JKUAT-COHRED).
Morrison‐Beedy, D., Carey, M. P., Feng, C., & Tu, X. M. (2017). Predicting sexual risk behaviours among adolescent and young women using a prospective diary method. Research in Nursing & Health, 31(4), 329-340. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20263
Musyimi, C. W., Mutiso, V. N., Nyamai, D. N., Ebuenyi, I., & Ndetei, D. M. (2020b). Suicidal behavior risks during adolescent pregnancy in a low-resource setting: A qualitative study. PLoS One, 15(7), e0236269. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236269
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Paton, D., Bullivant, S., & Soto, J. (2020). The impact of sex education mandates on teenage pregnancy: International evidence. Health Economics, 29(7), 790-807.
Pinsonneault, A., & Kraemer, K. (1993). Survey research methodology in management information systems: an assessment. Journal of management information systems, 10(2), 75-105.
Psaki, S. R., Soler-Hampejsek, E., Saha, J., Mensch, B. S., & Amin, S. (2019). The effects of adolescent childbearing on literacy and numeracy in Bangladesh, Malawi, and Zambia. Demography, 56(5), 1899-1929. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00816-z.
Santelli, J. S., Kantor, L. M., Grilo, S. A., Speizer, I. S., Lindberg, L. D., Heitel, J., ... & Ott, M. A. (2017). Abstinence-only-until-marriage: An updated review of US policies and programs and their impact. Journal of Adolescent Health, 61(3), 273-280.
Sidze, E. M., Stillman, M., Keogh, S., Mulupi, S., Egesa, C. P., Leong, E., & Mutua, M. (2017). From paper to practice: sexuality education policies and their implementation in Kenya. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 1-10. https://aphrc.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/416_Sex-Ed-Policies_Kenya_4.3.17.pdf
Stovner, L. J., Nichols, E., Steiner, T. J., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., Al-Raddadi, R. M., Ansha, M. G., Barac, A., Bensenor, I. M., & Doan, L. P. (2018). Global, regional, and national burden of migraine and tension-type headache, 1990–2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology, 17(11), 954-976. Retrieved
from https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30322-3
Tull, K. (2020). Consequences for adolescents when they become pregnant, and become mothers. K4D Helpdesk Report 882. Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies. Retrieved from https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/15727
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Worku, M. G., Tessema, Z. T., Teshale, A. B., Tesema, G. A., & Yeshaw, Y. (2021). Prevalence and associated factors of adolescent pregnancy (15–19 years) in East Africa: a multilevel analysis. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 21, 1-8.
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Zulu, J. M., Blystad, A., Haaland, M. E., Michelo, C., Haukanes, H., & Moland, K. M. (2019). Why teach sexuality education in school? Teacher discretion in implementing comprehensive sexuality education in rural Zambia. International journal for equity in health, 18, 1-10.
Amjad, S., MacDonald, I., Chambers, T., Osornio‐Vargas, A., Chandra, S., Voaklander, D., & Ospina, M. B. (2019). Social determinants of health and adverse maternal and birth outcomes in adolescent pregnancies: A systematic review and meta‐analysis. Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology, 33(1), 88-99. https://doi.org/10.1111/ppe.12529
Bakiera, L., & Szczerbal, J. (2018). Experience of teenage motherhood and selected aspects of adult women’s functioning. Polskie Forum Psychologiczne, 23(1), 102–121. https://doi.org/10.14656/PFP20180107
Bersamin, M. M., Walker, S., Waiters, E. D., Fisher, D. A., & Grube, J. W. (2005). Promising to wait: Virginity pledges and adolescent sexual behavior. Journal of Adolescent Health, 36(5), 428-436.
Cegolon, L., Bortolotto, M., Bellizzi, S., Cegolon, A., Bubbico, L., Pichierri, G., ... & Xodo, C. (2022). A survey on knowledge, prevention, and occurrence of sexually transmitted infections among freshmen from four Italian universities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(2), 897.
Chandra-Mouli, V., Camacho, A. V., & Michaud, P. A. (2013). WHO guidelines on preventing early pregnancy and poor reproductive outcomes among adolescents in developing countries. Journal of adolescent health, 52(5), 517-522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.03.002
Chandra-Mouli, V., Svanemyr, J., Amin, A., Fogstad, H., Say, L., Girard, F., & Temmerman, M. (2015). Twenty years after International Conference on Population and Development: where are we with adolescent sexual and reproductive health and rights? Journal of Adolescent Health, 56(1), S1-S6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.09.015
Cincotta, R., & Smith, S. (2021). What Future for the Western Sahel?. Atlantic Council. Retrieved from: https://www. atlanticcouncil. org/in-depth-researchreports/report/what-future-for-the-western-sahel
Cook, S, & Cameron, S. T. (2020). Social issues of teenage pregnancy. Obstetrics, Gynaecology & Reproductive Medicine, 30(10), 309-314. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ogrm.2020.07.006
County Government of Nandi (2023). County Integrated Development Plan 2023-2027. https://repository.kippra.or.ke/bitstream/handle/123456789/4349/Nandi%20County%20CIDP%202023-2027.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Deri, C. E. (2022). Social learning theory and academic writing in graduate studies. Journal of Applied Learning and Teaching, 5(Sp. Iss. 1), 20-26.
Fine, M., & McClelland, S. I. (2023). Sexuality education and desire: Still missing after all these years. In The critical pedagogy reader (pp. 291-323). Routledge.
Fleming, N., Ng, N., Osborne, C., Biederman, S., Yasseen III, A. S., Dy, J., White, R. R., & Walker, M. (2015). Adolescent pregnancy outcomes in the province of Ontario: A cohort study. Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada, 35(3), 234-245. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1701-2163(15)30995-6
Håkansson, M., Mamo, R. A., Parwani, H. B., Otieno, B., & Makenzius, M. (2024). Unmet needs for comprehensive sexuality education: a qualitative study among secondary school students in Western Kenya. American Journal of Sexuality Education, 19(1), 42-57.
Horanieh, N., Macdowall, W., & Wellings, K. (2020). Abstinence versus harm reduction approaches to sexual health education: views of key stakeholders in Saudi Arabia. Sex Education, 20(4), 425-440.
Juma, M., Askew, I., Alaii, J., Bartholomew, L. K., & Van den Borne, B. (2014). Cultural practices and sexual risk behaviour among adolescent orphans and non-orphans: a qualitative study on perceptions from a community in
Western Kenya. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 84. https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1471-2458-14-84
Kassa, G. M., Arowojolu, A., Odukogbe, A., & Yalew, A. W. (2018). Prevalence and determinants of adolescent pregnancy in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Reproductive Health, 15(1), 1-17. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1186/s12978-018-0640-2
Kawakita, T., Wilson, K., Grantz, K. L., Landy, H. J., Huang, C. C., & Gomez-Lobo, V. (2016). Adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes in adolescent pregnancy. Journal of pediatric and adolescent gynecology, 29(2), 130-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpag.2015.08.006
KDHS (2022). 2022 Demographic and Health Survey. https://www.knbs.or.ke/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Kenya-Demographic-and-Health-Survey-KDHS-2022-Summary-Report.pdf
Kenney, J. W. (2020). Problematic Sexual Behaviour in Schools: How to Spot it and what to Do about it. Rowman & Littlefield.
Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (2022). Kenya Demographic and Health Survey. Fact Sheet. https://www.knbs.or.ke/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Kenya-Demographic-and-Health-Survey-2022-Factsheet-Nandi.pdf
Manduku, J. G., Ronoh, M., & Kapkiai, B. J. (2021). Effects of teenage pregnancy on academic transition in primary schools in Nandi County, Kenya. Int J Res Educ Psychol, 7, 52-66.
Maticka-Tyndale, E., Wildish, J., & Gichuru, M. (2007). Quasi-experimental evaluation of a national primary school HIV intervention in Kenya. Evaluation and Program Planning, 30(2), 172-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2007.01.006
Mbugua, N. (2007). Factors inhibiting educated mothers in Kenya from giving meaningful sex-education to their daughters. Social Science & Medicine, 64(5), 1079-1089. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2006.10.008
Melesse, D. Y., Cane, R. M., Mangombe, A., Ijadunola, M. Y., Manu, A., Bamgboye, E., ... & Boerma, T. (2021). Inequalities in early marriage, childbearing and sexual debut among adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa. Reproductive health, 18, 1-15.
Miriti, P. K. (2022). Teacher-student communication and prevention of teenage pregnancies in public secondary schools in Narok county, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, JKUAT-COHRED).
Morrison‐Beedy, D., Carey, M. P., Feng, C., & Tu, X. M. (2017). Predicting sexual risk behaviours among adolescent and young women using a prospective diary method. Research in Nursing & Health, 31(4), 329-340. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20263
Musyimi, C. W., Mutiso, V. N., Nyamai, D. N., Ebuenyi, I., & Ndetei, D. M. (2020b). Suicidal behavior risks during adolescent pregnancy in a low-resource setting: A qualitative study. PLoS One, 15(7), e0236269. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236269
Mutea, L., Ontiri, S., Kadiri, F., Michielesen, K., & Gichangi, P. (2020). Access to information and use of adolescent sexual reproductive health services: Qualitative exploration of barriers and facilitators in Kisumu and Kakamega, Kenya. Plos one, 15(11), e0241985.
Mwongeli, M. (2022). Exploring the Socio-economic and Information Determinants of Teenage Pregnancy in Webuye West Sub-county, Bungoma County, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, University of Nairobi).
Ndanyi M., & Salil B., (2020). 6,000 Nandi teens pregnant in nine months. The Star Newspaper. https://www.the-star.co.ke/counties/2020-11-30-6000-nandi-teens-pregnant-in-nine-months
Ngasa, S. N., Sama, C.-B., Dzekem, B. S., Nforchu, K. N., Tindong, M., Aroke, D., & Dimala, C. A. (2017). Prevalence and factors associated with depression among medical students in Cameroon: A cross-sectional study. BMC Psychiatry, 17(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-017-1382-3
Nyangaresi, J. K. (2021). Implications Of (Paulo) Freire’s Conscientizacao In Mitigating Teenage Pregnancy In Public Secondary Schools In Kakamega Central Sub–County, Kenya (Doctoral dissertation, MMUST).
Obey, C. O. (2024). Parenting Styles and Scholastic Adjustment of Senior Secondary School Students in Port Harcourt Metropolis of Rivers State.
Ozoaghuta, P. C., & Ojukwu, E. V. (2022). Applying Bandura’s Social Learning Theory in Teaching Piano Piece. A case study of Department of Music, Federal College of Education, Eha-Amufu, Enugu State. Ugo Belu N'Oji.
Paton, D., Bullivant, S., & Soto, J. (2020). The impact of sex education mandates on teenage pregnancy: International evidence. Health Economics, 29(7), 790-807.
Pinsonneault, A., & Kraemer, K. (1993). Survey research methodology in management information systems: an assessment. Journal of management information systems, 10(2), 75-105.
Psaki, S. R., Soler-Hampejsek, E., Saha, J., Mensch, B. S., & Amin, S. (2019). The effects of adolescent childbearing on literacy and numeracy in Bangladesh, Malawi, and Zambia. Demography, 56(5), 1899-1929. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1007/s13524-019-00816-z.
Santelli, J. S., Kantor, L. M., Grilo, S. A., Speizer, I. S., Lindberg, L. D., Heitel, J., ... & Ott, M. A. (2017). Abstinence-only-until-marriage: An updated review of US policies and programs and their impact. Journal of Adolescent Health, 61(3), 273-280.
Sidze, E. M., Stillman, M., Keogh, S., Mulupi, S., Egesa, C. P., Leong, E., & Mutua, M. (2017). From paper to practice: sexuality education policies and their implementation in Kenya. BMC Public Health, 17(1), 1-10. https://aphrc.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/416_Sex-Ed-Policies_Kenya_4.3.17.pdf
Stovner, L. J., Nichols, E., Steiner, T. J., Abd-Allah, F., Abdelalim, A., Al-Raddadi, R. M., Ansha, M. G., Barac, A., Bensenor, I. M., & Doan, L. P. (2018). Global, regional, and national burden of migraine and tension-type headache, 1990–2016: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. The Lancet Neurology, 17(11), 954-976. Retrieved
from https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(18)30322-3
Tull, K. (2020). Consequences for adolescents when they become pregnant, and become mothers. K4D Helpdesk Report 882. Brighton, UK: Institute of Development Studies. Retrieved from https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/opendocs/handle/20.500.12413/15727
Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) (2016). Labour market transition of young people in Uganda: Highlights of the School-to-Work Transition Survey 2015. UBOS. UNAIDS (2018). Miles to Go: Global AIDS Update 2018. Geneva:
UNAIDS. Retrieved from https://www.ubos.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/03_2018Labour_Market_Transition_of_Young_People_in_Uganda_SWTS_2015.pdf
UNFPA (2017). Adolescent pregnancy. https://www.unfpa.org/adolescent-pregnancy
UNICEF (2024). Early childbearing. https://data.unicef.org/topic/child-health/adolescent-health/
Wastnedge, E. A., Reynolds, R. M., Van Boeckel, S. R., Stock, S. J., Denison, F. C., Maybin, J. A., & Critchley, H. O. (2021). Pregnancy and COVID-19. Physiological Reviews, 101(1), 303-318. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1152%2Fphysrev.00003.2022
Worku, M. G., Tessema, Z. T., Teshale, A. B., Tesema, G. A., & Yeshaw, Y. (2021). Prevalence and associated factors of adolescent pregnancy (15–19 years) in East Africa: a multilevel analysis. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 21, 1-8.
World Health Organization. (2018). WHO recommendations on adolescent sexual and reproductive health and rights.
World Health Organization. (2024). Adolescent pregnancy. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/adolescent-pregnancy
Zulu, J. M., Blystad, A., Haaland, M. E., Michelo, C., Haukanes, H., & Moland, K. M. (2019). Why teach sexuality education in school? Teacher discretion in implementing comprehensive sexuality education in rural Zambia. International journal for equity in health, 18, 1-10.
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Nov 7, 2024
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Kimeto , M. C., Njonge, T., & Maritim , E. (2024). Teachers’ Perception of the Influence of Sexual Abstinence Programs on Teenage Pregnancy in Public Primary Schools in Nandi North Sub-County, Nandi County . Journal of Research in Education and Technology, 2(3), 44–59. https://doi.org/10.69897/joret.v2i3.165
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Author Biographies
Milcah Cherop Kimeto , Department of Psychology, Counselling and Educational Foundations, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536 - 20115, Egerton, Njoro, Kenya
Department of Psychology, Counselling and Educational Foundations, Egerton University, Kenya
Teresia Njonge, Department of Psychology, Counselling and Educational Foundations, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536 - 20115, Egerton, Njoro, Kenya
Department of Psychology, Counselling and Educational Foundations, Egerton University, Kenya
Ezra Maritim , Department of Psychology, Counselling and Educational Foundations, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536 - 20115, Egerton, Njoro, Kenya
Department of Psychology, Counselling and Educational Foundations, Egerton University, Kenya